Microbiology: Micro Flashcards
Microbiology
the study of small unicellular living things
3 techniques used in microbiology
1. Isolate specific populations
2. sterilize media
3. produce pure cultures
Microbe
a generic term for any small living things
7 type of microbes
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Protozoa
4. Algae
5. Yeast/Fungi
6. Helminths
7. Viruses
Archaea
unicellular, procaryotes, very primitive
Bacteria
unicellular procaryotes
PROTOZOA
unicellular eucaryotes & heterotrophs
Algae
unicellular eucaryotes autotrophs (make their own food)
Yeasts/Fungi
eucaryotes heterotrophs & saprophytes (live off dead things)
Helminthes
multicellular eucaryotes (parasitic worms)
Viruses
noncellular particle NOT ALIVE
5 Branches Of Microbiology
1. Bacteriology
2. Mycology
3. Parasitology
4. Immunology
5. Virology
Bacteriology
study of bacteria
Mycology
study of fungi & yeast
Parasiteology
study of parasites
Immunology
study of body defenses
Virology
Study of Viruses
Procaryote Cells
type of cell that does not have a nuclear membrane.
DOES have a cell wall & very few organelles
4 examples of prokaryote cells
1. bacterium
2. rickettsias
3. chlamydia
4. mycoplasmas
Bacterium
a single from
Rickettsias
Procaryotes spread by blood sucking insects
Chlamydia
STD
mycoplasmas
smallest living things, live inside of other cells
L forms
any prokaryote which has lost it's cell wall due to the action of chemicals
eukaryote cell
has a nuclear membrane different than procaryotes internally
5 types of eukaryotes
1. fungus
2. protozoa
3. algae
4. hemoflagellates
5. helminths
hemoflagellates
attack the blood, ex malaria
Reasons to study Microbiology #1
Food
Food that contains microbes
buttermilk & yogurt (St. thermophiles & lactobacillus bulgaris)
cheese ( lactococcus
hams, bologna & salami (pedicoccus & lactobacillus plantarum)
alcohol (saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Vinegar (acetobacter &gluconobacter)
bread (saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Soy sauce, tofu, sauerkraut, kimchi, pickles olives coffee & miso
Reason to study microbiology #2
sewage treatment & remediation
sewage treatment & remediation
bacteria breaks down organic molecules in oil spills, converts solid landfill waste to CO2, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates
bioremediation
bacteria produce enzymes to break down toxins
(thiobacillus ferrooxidans) converts sulfur to sulfuric acid & lowers h2o ph
Reason 3 to study Microbiology
Pest Control
Bacillus thurungiensis
attacks larvae of Japanese beetles & cabbage worms
Reason 4 to study Micro
biotechnology & research
Biotechnology & research
gene therapy to treat ADA, acetone & acetic acid, cellulose to stone wash jeans, biosensors to detect pollutants quickly
reason 4 to study micro
produce vital materials
ex: b12 pseudomonas, vitamin k (echoli), vitamin c (cider vinear)
Reason 5 to study Micro
Medicine
Ex H1N1,H5N1, MRSA, VRSA,BSE (mad cow)
microbial ecology
relationship of microbes & enviroment
autotrophs
makes it iwn food by carbon fixation
ex: plants, bacteria & algae
heterotrophs
cant make it's own food, cant do carbon fixation
ex humans & bunnies
True/False:
Dead organisms must be broken down to return the carbon to the cycle
TRUE
saprophytes
organisms that break down dead & rotting material
ex bacteria fungi
glycosis
breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to release 2 ATP
fermentation
anaerobic breakdown of pyruvate to produce ATP, carbone dioxide & alcohol
Citric Acid Cycle
aerobic break down of pyruvate to produce 36 ATP, water & carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Cycle
nitrogen is used for amino acids & nucleic acids which are essential for life
True/False:
Most of nitrogen is molecular gas and not useable
True
True/False:
Nitrogen gas does not need to be fixed into organic compounds
False
What are the 3 bacteria that help with nitrogen fixation to turn N2 to ammonium?
Rhizobium, Azotobacter, rhodospirillium
Nitrogen cycle in order
Nitrogen gas, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, amiono acids/proteins
Sulfur Cycle
Sulfur is essential for the formation of amino acids such as cysteine, methionine & coenzymes
Sulfur Cycle in order
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, sulfate, amino acids/ proteins
Metric System
mm 103,, um106 (micro), nm 109, A1010
Taxonomy
process of grouping things & naming them
Purpose of taxonomy #1
Classify
Classify
To put things into groups based on their characteristics
Purpose of classification
helps you to understand things quicker & easier
Purpose of taxonomy #2
nomenclature
nomenclature
an organized system of naming things
purpose of nomenclature
to prevent confusion
Purpose of Taxonomy #3
Identify
Identify
putting it into a group based on it's charecteristics so it can be actually named
2 methods of organization
1. Phenetic
2. Phylogenetic
Phenetic
putting it into groups by phenotypes
ex. shapes, size, morphology, staining cilia, motility, endospores, inclusions or colors
Phylogenetic
shows actual relationships between organisms
ex. uses genetic material such as tRNA, rRNa, compositon in DNA, differences in cell membrane lipid structure, cell wall structure, ABT sensitivity
True/False:
DNA makes RNA which makes proteins such as enzymes
True
Content of DNA
proportion of gunanine and cytosine in the DNA
sequence of nucleic acids in rRNA
results in branching trees
Domain
Largest group bigger than a kingdom
Eucarya
eukaryotic organisms such a fungi,protista, plantae& animalia
(all have nuclear membranes, cell walls if present are made of carbs,)
True/False:
Eucarya are sensitive to antibiotics
FALSE
True/False:
Bacteria are sensitive to antibiotics
True
Bacteria
prokaryotic organisms that have cell walls which have some peptidoglycan & do not have a nuclear membrane
Archaea
Procaryotic organisms that live in extreme enviroments such as methanogens, halophiles and hyperthermophiles
Species
strains with stable properties in common and differ significantly from other groups
Strains
a subgroup of a species which has a few different traits
usually arises from a single organism
3 types of strains
Biovar, morphovar, serovar
Biovar
variant of a prokaryotic strain due to biochemical & physiological differences
morphovar
variant of a prokaryotic strain due to shape & morphological differences
serovar
variant of a prokaryotic strain due to antigen differences
8 Levels of Organization
Dumb
King
Philip
Came
Over
For
Good
Sloppy
Sex
Domain
Archaea, bacteria and eucarya
Kingdom
subdivision of a domain
ex Eucarya has Protista, fungi, plantae,Animalia
Phylum
division of a kingdom
Class
division of a phylum
Order
division of a class
Family
division of an order
Genus
division of a family
Species
small and most specific chromosomal compatibility division of genus
Strain
smallest group division of species
Binomial
system of naming things using 2 names
4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms
1. Protozoa
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia
Protozoa
eucaryotes, unicellular, or colonial or filamentous BUT each cell is independent
ex: protozoa algae, slime molds, amoeba, ciliates, flagellates, diatoms
Fungi
eucaryotes single or multicellular heterotrophic nonmotile with cell walls
plantae
eucaryotes multicellular autotrophic nonmotile
animalia
eucaryotes, multicellular heterotrophic motile
The 5 I's
Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification
Inoculum
a small sample
Medium
the material that contains nutrients for growth
Culture
any growth of the microbe
Colony
growth on a solid medium
Turbidity
Cloudiness in liquid medium
True/False:
The microbe must have a specific enzyme to break down organic compounds
True
Fastidious Heterotrophs
very picker eater with very precise needs
Ex: Legionella, bordetella pertussis, H pylori
Saprophytes
break down dead or rotting material
ex fungi & mold
Parasite
lives on other living things
Obligate parasite
must live in another living thing cant survive outside for long
Ex chlamydia, rickettsia
Facultative parasite
this can survive outside the host
ex: staph epidermidis, enterococcus faecalis
methanogenesis
another way of making own food using methane
ex algae rhodospirillum rubrum
autotrophs
ex algae rhodospirillum rubrum
True/False:
elemental nitrogen can be used by some microbes (rhizobium)
True
True/False
inorganic nitrogen (ammonia salts & nitrates) can be used by some microbes & plants
true
True /False
salt is an ionic compound
true
obligate halophiles
must have a high salt concentration
Example of obligate halophiles
Halobacterium
Haltolerant (Facultative halophiles)
can tolerate salt levels
ex Staph aureus
Sacchrophile
needs high levels of sugar
Sacchrotolerant
can tolerate sugar levels
ex Staph aureus
True/False
Bacteria will not tolerate low ph while fungi do
True
2 examples of acidophiles
1. Euglena mutabilis
2. Helicobacter pylori
Euglena mutabilis
will spoil pickled products along with molds and yeasts
H pylori
can survive the acidity of the stomach, breaks down urea to from ammonium to create alkaline conditions
Alkalinophiles
higher ph
ex: alcaligenes faecalis
Broth
liquid medium, usually kept in a test tube, easy to store & inoculate BUT DOES NOT ALLOW FOR examination of the colony
Solid
agar added to nutrients to make it solid
Slant
has 2 areas, good for growing colonies to examine
Gel
semisolid medium
natural media
this is medium that comes from natural sources
ex blood, tomato, animal extracts & milk agar
Synthetic medium
aka minimal medium
this is medium that is completely man made
ex simmons citrate medium has only 1 sugar in it
General purpose media
used to grow broad spectrum microbes, nonsynthetic
ex: agar, BHI, TSA
Nutrient Medium
contains beef extract not for protein but for peptone which acts as a buffer
Enriched media
nonaynthetic used for growing fastidious heterotrophs, are heat labile & must be sterilized by filtration
ex blood agar, milk agar
selective media
used for separation of microbes one or more agents added to the media inhibit growth or some microbes but allows others to flourish
EMB
adding crystal violet to the media will kill gram + bacterium but not affect the gram (-) bacteria
MSA
high salt concentration so staphylococci & other halophiles can grow
Differnetial media
provides a visible difference between organisms
True/False
E choli & citrobacter are fermenters & will change look metallic green
true
True/False
Enterobacter & klebsiella are non fermenters & will appear purple
true
True/False
Staph aureus will change yellow in MSA
True
True/False
Staph epidermidis will cause the medium to get darker in MSA
True
Broths with durham tubes
the durham tube is a small upside capsule in the test tube filled with broth, it will capture any gas produced, specialized for anaerobes
Lag phase
no new Microbes the cells are readjusting to the new situation & making cellular components
exponential phase
there is a drastict increase in the # of cells, growth is balanced if nutirents remain constant
stationary phase
the growth plateaus or evens out, # of deaths equals # of new cells, due to exhaustion of nutrients ph changes wastes build up
death phase
another drastic change in the # of cells, nutrients are depleted, wastes build up
psychrophiles
likes it 0-15
psychrobacter
facultative psycrophile grows at 20-30
ex staph aureus
mesophiles
grows around 25-40, causes disease
ex e choli, klebsiella pneumonaie
thermophiles
grows over 50
ex geobacillus stereothermophilus
aerobes
must have O2 for metabolism
ex Micrococcus, Pseudomonas (turns plate green)
Anaerobes
does not use O2 for it's metabolism it has different enzymes
Obligate anaerobes
cannot tolerate O2
ex clostridium sporogenes
Facultative anaerobes
they don't use O2 but they can tolerate it
ex coliforms such as E choli, fecal streptococci
Microaerophiles
uses small amounts of O2
ex treponema pallidum (syphilis)
capnophiles
grow best at a higher carbon dioxide tension than normally in the atmosphere
ex Neisseria gonorrhea, N meningitis
Pure culture aka Axenic
culture that has only 1 species of microbe in it
Mixed culture
2 or more known microbes
Contaminated culture
unknown or unwanted cultures
colony
growth on any solid medium
Streak plates
sperates cells over an area so you can get a pure colony