the study of small unicellular living things

1. Isolate specific populations

2. sterilize media

3. produce pure cultures

a generic term for any small living things

1. Archaea

2. Bacteria

3. Protozoa

4. Algae

5. Yeast/Fungi

6. Helminths

7. Viruses

unicellular, procaryotes, very primitive

unicellular procaryotes

unicellular eucaryotes & heterotrophs

unicellular eucaryotes autotrophs (make their own food)

eucaryotes heterotrophs & saprophytes (live off dead things)

multicellular eucaryotes (parasitic worms)

noncellular particle NOT ALIVE

1. Bacteriology

2. Mycology

3. Parasitology

4. Immunology

5. Virology

study of bacteria

study of fungi & yeast

study of parasites

study of body defenses

Study of Viruses

type of cell that does not have a nuclear membrane.

DOES have a cell wall & very few organelles

1. bacterium

2. rickettsias

3. chlamydia

4. mycoplasmas

a single from

Procaryotes spread by blood sucking insects

STD

smallest living things, live inside of other cells

any prokaryote which has lost it's cell wall due to the action of chemicals

has a nuclear membrane different than procaryotes internally

1. fungus

2. protozoa

3. algae

4. hemoflagellates

5. helminths

attack the blood, ex malaria

Food

buttermilk & yogurt (St. thermophiles & lactobacillus bulgaris)

cheese ( lactococcus

hams, bologna & salami (pedicoccus & lactobacillus plantarum)

alcohol (saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Vinegar (acetobacter &gluconobacter)

bread (saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Soy sauce, tofu, sauerkraut, kimchi, pickles olives coffee & miso

sewage treatment & remediation

bacteria breaks down organic molecules in oil spills, converts solid landfill waste to CO2, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates

bacteria produce enzymes to break down toxins

(thiobacillus ferrooxidans) converts sulfur to sulfuric acid & lowers h2o ph

Pest Control

attacks larvae of Japanese beetles & cabbage worms

biotechnology & research

gene therapy to treat ADA, acetone & acetic acid, cellulose to stone wash jeans, biosensors to detect pollutants quickly

produce vital materials

ex: b12 pseudomonas, vitamin k (echoli), vitamin c (cider vinear)

Medicine

Ex H1N1,H5N1, MRSA, VRSA,BSE (mad cow)

relationship of microbes & enviroment

makes it iwn food by carbon fixation

ex: plants, bacteria & algae

cant make it's own food, cant do carbon fixation

ex humans & bunnies

TRUE

organisms that break down dead & rotting material

ex bacteria fungi

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to release 2 ATP

anaerobic breakdown of pyruvate to produce ATP, carbone dioxide & alcohol

aerobic break down of pyruvate to produce 36 ATP, water & carbon dioxide

nitrogen is used for amino acids & nucleic acids which are essential for life

True

False

Rhizobium, Azotobacter, rhodospirillium

Nitrogen gas, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, amiono acids/proteins

Sulfur is essential for the formation of amino acids such as cysteine, methionine & coenzymes

hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, sulfate, amino acids/ proteins

mm 10^3,, um10^{6 (}micro), nm 10⁹, A10¹⁰

process of grouping things & naming them

Classify

To put things into groups based on their characteristics

helps you to understand things quicker & easier

nomenclature

an organized system of naming things

to prevent confusion

Identify

putting it into a group based on it's charecteristics so it can be actually named

1. Phenetic

2. Phylogenetic

putting it into groups by phenotypes

ex. shapes, size, morphology, staining cilia, motility, endospores, inclusions or colors

shows actual relationships between organisms

ex. uses genetic material such as tRNA, rRNa, compositon in DNA, differences in cell membrane lipid structure, cell wall structure, ABT sensitivity

True

proportion of gunanine and cytosine in the DNA

sequence of nucleic acids in rRNA

results in branching trees

Largest group bigger than a kingdom

eukaryotic organisms such a fungi,protista, plantae& animalia

(all have nuclear membranes, cell walls if present are made of carbs,)

FALSE

True

prokaryotic organisms that have cell walls which have some peptidoglycan & do not have a nuclear membrane

Procaryotic organisms that live in extreme enviroments such as methanogens, halophiles and hyperthermophiles

strains with stable properties in common and differ significantly from other groups

a subgroup of a species which has a few different traits

usually arises from a single organism

Biovar, morphovar, serovar

variant of a prokaryotic strain due to biochemical & physiological differences

variant of a prokaryotic strain due to shape & morphological differences

variant of a prokaryotic strain due to antigen differences

Dumb

King

Philip

Came

Over

For

Good

Sloppy

Sex

Archaea, bacteria and eucarya

subdivision of a domain

ex Eucarya has Protista, fungi, plantae,Animalia

division of a kingdom

division of a phylum

division of a class

division of an order

division of a family

small and most specific chromosomal compatibility division of genus

smallest group division of species

system of naming things using 2 names

1. Protozoa

2. Fungi

3. Plantae

4. Animalia

eucaryotes, unicellular, or colonial or filamentous BUT each cell is independent

ex: protozoa algae, slime molds, amoeba, ciliates, flagellates, diatoms

eucaryotes single or multicellular heterotrophic nonmotile with cell walls

eucaryotes multicellular autotrophic nonmotile

eucaryotes, multicellular heterotrophic motile

Inoculation

Incubation

Isolation

Inspection

Identification

a small sample

the material that contains nutrients for growth

any growth of the microbe

growth on a solid medium

Cloudiness in liquid medium

True

very picker eater with very precise needs

Ex: Legionella, bordetella pertussis, H pylori

break down dead or rotting material

ex fungi & mold

lives on other living things

must live in another living thing cant survive outside for long

Ex chlamydia, rickettsia

this can survive outside the host

ex: staph epidermidis, enterococcus faecalis

another way of making own food using methane

ex algae rhodospirillum rubrum

ex algae rhodospirillum rubrum

True

true

true

must have a high salt concentration

Halobacterium

can tolerate salt levels

ex Staph aureus

needs high levels of sugar

can tolerate sugar levels

ex Staph aureus

True

1. Euglena mutabilis

2. Helicobacter pylori

will spoil pickled products along with molds and yeasts

can survive the acidity of the stomach, breaks down urea to from ammonium to create alkaline conditions

higher ph

ex: alcaligenes faecalis

liquid medium, usually kept in a test tube, easy to store & inoculate BUT DOES NOT ALLOW FOR examination of the colony

agar added to nutrients to make it solid

has 2 areas, good for growing colonies to examine

semisolid medium

this is medium that comes from natural sources

ex blood, tomato, animal extracts & milk agar

this is medium that is completely man made

ex simmons citrate medium has only 1 sugar in it

used to grow broad spectrum microbes, nonsynthetic

ex: agar, BHI, TSA

contains beef extract not for protein but for peptone which acts as a buffer

nonaynthetic used for growing fastidious heterotrophs, are heat labile & must be sterilized by filtration

ex blood agar, milk agar

used for separation of microbes one or more agents added to the media inhibit growth or some microbes but allows others to flourish

adding crystal violet to the media will kill gram + bacterium but not affect the gram (-) bacteria

high salt concentration so staphylococci & other halophiles can grow

provides a visible difference between organisms

true

true

True

True

the durham tube is a small upside capsule in the test tube filled with broth, it will capture any gas produced, specialized for anaerobes

no new Microbes the cells are readjusting to the new situation & making cellular components

there is a drastict increase in the # of cells, growth is balanced if nutirents remain constant

the growth plateaus or evens out, # of deaths equals # of new cells, due to exhaustion of nutrients ph changes wastes build up

another drastic change in the # of cells, nutrients are depleted, wastes build up

likes it 0-15

facultative psycrophile grows at 20-30

ex staph aureus

grows around 25-40, causes disease

ex e choli, klebsiella pneumonaie

grows over 50

ex geobacillus stereothermophilus

must have O2 for metabolism

ex Micrococcus, Pseudomonas (turns plate green)

does not use O2 for it's metabolism it has different enzymes

cannot tolerate O2

ex clostridium sporogenes

they don't use O2 but they can tolerate it

ex coliforms such as E choli, fecal streptococci

uses small amounts of O2

ex treponema pallidum (syphilis)

grow best at a higher carbon dioxide tension than normally in the atmosphere

ex Neisseria gonorrhea, N meningitis

culture that has only 1 species of microbe in it

2 or more known microbes

unknown or unwanted cultures

growth on any solid medium

sperates cells over an area so you can get a pure colony