-Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity-
The dual nature of Adaptive immunity consists of...
T&B cells develop from stem cells in red bone marrow.
-Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity-
Humoral immunity:
* Due to anibodies
* B cells mature in the bone marrow
-Chickens; bursa of fabricius
-Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity-
Cellular immunity:
* Due to Tcells
*T cells mature in the thymus
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
Where do B cells mature?
In bone marrow
-Nature of Antigens-
Antigen (Ag):
a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells.
-Nature of Antigens-
Hapten:
Antigen is combined w/carrier molecules.
-The Nature of Antibodies-
Globular proteins called-
immunoglobulins
-The Nature of Antibodies-
The number of _____-________ determines _______
antigen-binding sites / valence
-IgG Antibodies-
IgG Ab:
* Monomer
* 80% of serum antibodies
* Cross placenta
* Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins & viruses; protect fetus & newborn
-IgM Antibodies-
IgM Ab:
* Pentamer
* Agglutinate microbes; first Ab produced in response to infection.
-IgA Antibodies-
IgA Ab:
* Dimer
* In secretions
* Mucosal protection
-IgD Antibodies-
IgD Ab:
* Monomer
* On B cells, inititate immune response
-IgE Antibodies-
IgE Ab:
* Monomer
* On mast cells, on basophils, and in blood
* Allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms
~Select the correct Antibody molecule (IgG, IgM, etc)~
*
DIMER-
IgA Ab
*
~Select the correct Antibody molecule (IgG, IgM, etc)~
PENTAMER & Agglutinates microbes; first Ab produced in response to infection.
IgM Ab
~Select the correct Antibody molecule (IgG, IgM, etc)~
CROSSES PLACENTA & neutralized toxins & viruses; protects fetus & newborn.
IgG Ab
~Select the correct Antibody molecule (IgG, IgM, etc)~
Is IN SECRECTIONS & FUNCTIONS IN MUCOSAL PROTECTION
IgA Ab
~Select the correct Antibody molecule (IgG, IgM, etc)~
MONOMER
IgG, IgD, IgE Ab's
~Select the correct Antibody molecule (IgG, IgM, etc)~
*
On mast cells, basophils & in blood?
IgE Ab
*
~Select the correct Antibody molecule (IgG, IgM, etc)~
On B cells, initiate immune response
IgD Ab
~Select the correct Antibody molecule (IgG, IgM, etc)~
Allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms
IgE Ab
-Activation of B cells-
MHC stands for?
Major histocompatibility complex
-Activation of B cells-
Where is MHC expressed?
mammalian cells
-Activation of B cells-
T-dependent antigens:
* Ag presented w/(self) MHC to TH(H-subscript) cells
-Activation of B cells-
T-dependent antigens:
*TH(H=subscript) cell produces cytokines that activate the B cell
-Activation of B cells-
B cells differentiate into:
* Antibody-producing PLASMA CELLS & MEMORY CELLS
-Activation of B cells-
Clonal deletion:
eliminates harmful B cells
-Antigen-Antibody Binding-
1. Agglutination
2. Opsonization
3. Activation of complement
4. Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
5. Neutralization
WHAT DO THESE REPRESENT?
1. Agglutination
2. Opsonization
3. Activation of complement
4. Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
5. Neutralization
-Antigen-Antibody Binding-
-T Cells & Cellular Immunity-
T cells mature in the
thymus
-T Cells & Cellular Immunity-
Thymic selection eliminates many
immature T cells
-T Cells & Cellular Immunity-
T cells respond to Ag by
T-cell receptors (TCRs)
What does TCR stand for?
T-cell receptors
-T Cells & Cellular Immunity-
T cells require
antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
What does APC stand for?
antigen-presenting cells
-T Cells & Cellular Immunity-
Pathogens entering the gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts pass through:
* M (MICROFOLD)CELLS over
* PEYER'S PATCHES, which contain APCs
-T Helper Cells-
CD4+ or TH(H=subscript) cells
TCRs recognize Ags & MHCII on APC
-T Helper Cells-
TH(h=subscript) cells produce cytokines & differentiate into:
1. TH1 cells
2. TH2 cells
3. TH17 cells
4. MEMORY CELLS
-T Helper Cells-
TH1 produce IFN-y(gamma symbol), which activaties cells related to
cell-mediated immunity, macrophages & Abs
-T Helper Cells-
TH2 activate
Eosinophils & B cells to produce IgE
-T Helper Cells-
TH17 stimulate the
innate immune system
What T helper cell activates eosinophils & B cells to produce IgE?
TH2
What T helper cell activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity, macrophages & Abs?
TH1
What T helper cell stimulate the innate immune system?
TH17
-T Cytotoxic Cells-
CD8+ or Tc(subscript) cells
-T Cytotoxic Cells-
Target cells are self-cells carrying
endogenous antigens
-T Cytotoxic Cells-
Activated in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
* CTLs recognize Ag + MHCI
* Induce apoptosis in target cells
-T Cytotoxic Cells-
CTL releases
perforin & granzymes
-T Regulatory Cells-
Treg cells:
* CD4 & CD25 on surface
-T Regulatory Cells-
Suppress T cells against self
-Antigen-Presenting Cells-
Ag fragments on APC surface w/MHC:
* B cells
* Dendritic cells
* Activated macrophages
-Natuaral Killer (NK)Cells-
1
* Granular leukocytes destroy cells that don't express MHC I
-Natuaral Killer (NK)Cells-
2
** Kill virus-infected & tumor cells
-Natuaral Killer (NK)Cells-
3
*** Attack parasites
-ADCC-
* Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
-Cytokines-
Overproduction leads to
* cytokine storm
-Immunological Memory-
Antibody titer:
is the amount of Ab in serum
-Immunological Memory-
Primary response:
occurs after initial contact with Ag
-Immunological Memory-
Secondary (memory or anamnestic) response:
occurs after second exposure
-Types of Adaptive Immunity-
Naturally acquired active immunity:
Ag resulting from INFECTION
-Types of Adaptive Immunity-
Naturally acquired passive immunity:
Ab resulting from transplacental or via colostrum
-Types of Adaptive Immunity-
Artificially acquired active immunity:
Injection of Ag (vaccination)
-Types of Adaptive Immunity-
Artificially acquired passive immunity:
Injection of Ab
-Termionlogy of Adaptive Immunity-
SEROLOGY:
The study of reactions between antibodies & antigens
-Termionlogy of Adaptive Immunity-
ANTISERUM:
The generic term for serum because it contains Ab
-Termionlogy of Adaptive Immunity-
GLOBULINS:
Serum proteins
-Termionlogy of Adaptive Immunity-
IMMUNOGLOBULINS:
Antibodies
-Termionlogy of Adaptive Immunity-
GAMMA (y) GLOBULIN:
Serum fraction containing Ab
~These haven't been checked for spelling yet, so please excuse any errors at this time~
~These haven't been checked for spelling yet, so please excuse any errors at this time~