Human Anatomy & Physiology: Heart, Blood and Cardio Flashcards

Heart

blood vessels

1. Blood
2. Heart
3. Blood Vessls

1. Lymph (interstitial fluid)
2. Lymphatic Vessels
3. Lymph Gland

Blood

Blood

Blood

75.35 to 7.45

• Males = 5 to 6 liters
• Females = 4 to 5 liters

- 99% RB's

- 1% WBC's)

• extracellular fluid, which 91% is water
• It is the liquid part of blood -
• Straw colored
• It is the whole blood MINUS the Cells

55%

• Proteins: Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen and prothrombin
• Glucose
• Lipids
• O2
• CO2
• Na+, Ca++, Mg+, FI-, I-, Cl-, K+, HCO3, Fe, AA, urea, lacticid acid,
• Vitamin A, C
• Enzymes
• Hormones

• Arteries pH = 7.4
• Veins pH = 7.35

1. Transport
2. Regulates
3. Protects

• Deliver oxygen
• Transporting metabolic waste products
• Transport hormones from the endocrine organs
• Transport nutrients

• Maintaining temperature - absorbs and distributing heat throughout the body and the skin
• Maintain normal pH - it acts as a buffer to prevent
• Maintain adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. Blood proteins prevent excessive fluid loss from the bloodstream into the tissue space.

• Preventing blood loss
• Preventing infections

• could jeopardize normal cell activities.
• Blood also acts as a the reservoir for the body's alkaline reserve (bicarbonate ions).

1. It is a blood test that measures a percentage of red blood cells found in whole blood

1. Withdraw blood from your finger and place it in a testing tube.
2. Centrifugate the tube test with blood sample
   1. This process separates the heaviest elements of blood from the lightest
   2. this elements are identified by their visual characteristics (see next questions)

Heporant Capillary Tube

1. Heporin
2. Anti-coagulant

1. greater
2. viscosity

1.0

4.5 to 5.5

PRESSURE

1. Centrifugate
2. Weight

Top - PLASMA

Middle - Buffy coat

• Platelets
• White Blood Cells / Leukocytes

Bottom - Formed Elements (cells)

• Buffy Coat
• RBCs
  • Hemoglobin
    • Oxygen

• Males = 42% of Formed Elements
• Females = 38% of Formed Elements

the elements that give blood its viscosity and are:

1. Buffy Coat
   • Leukocytes (WBCs) = 1%
   • Platelates
2. Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (contain No Nucleous)
   • 45% whole blood (in the hematocrit)
   • most dense components

Iron

The erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Hemoglobin

Male Adults = 14-16.5 grams Hb/100 milliliters of blood (g/100 ml)

Female Adults = 12-15 g Hb/100 ml

• male 5.0 millions
• female 4.5 millions

Hematopoiesis

Erythropoiesis

Erythrocytes

Liver and Spleen

the bone marrow and Lymph

120 days

• RBCs
• Hemoglobin (Hb)q

1. erythropoietin (EPO),
2. O2

Bone Marrow

Red Blood Cells

5 million mm3 of RBCs

4.5 million mm3 of RBCs

1. a Hematopoietic Stem Cells descendant called Myeloid Stem Cells transforms into Pro-erythroblast.
2. Erythrocytes are continuously being produced in the red bone marrow of large bones, at a rate of about 2 million per second.

Erythropoietin

Bone marrow

Hypoxia

Anemia

• Lack of Fe
• Lack of certain AA (for the protein globin)
• Lack of vitamin B12

B12

1. B12
2. B12
3. B12
4. Anti-Anemic Factor
5. Anti-anemic

Leukocytes

White

1. 1% of Blood Cells
2. Nucleated
3. Amiboid movement
4. NO Hemoglobin (so do not carry O2)
5. Carry out diapedesis
6. 5000 - 10,000 /mm3 of blood
7. Life Span 2-300 days

• Microbres
• Spleen and liver
• Bone marrow
• Lymph nodes

1. Granulocytes, which contain obvious membran-bound cytoplasmic granules
2. Agranulocytes lack obvious granuels.

1. Neutrophil
2. Eosinophil
3. Basophil

1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes

1. Neutrophils 65%
2. Lymphocytes 25%
3. Monocytes 6%
4. Eosinophil 3%
5. Basophil .5 to 1%

1. LS 6 hours to a few days
2. phagocytic
3. Release Lysozyme (enzyme)

1. hours to years
2. Play LARGE role in immunity
3. Become PHAGOCYTIC macrophages at the site of inflamation
4. Attack vía Antibodies

1. Life Span - 2-3 days
2. Nucleus U Kidney-shaped
3. Gray-blue cytoplasm
4. diameter 14-24u

1. Life Span of 5 days
2. Kill parasitic worms
3. Destroy Antigen-antibody complex
4. Associated with allergies
5. Found in extremely large numbers when the body is infected with parasites.

1. Liberates Heparin into the blood to prevent clotting
2. In large numbers at the site of inflamation - Releases histiamine as a mediator of inflamation
3. also involved in allergies reactions

Cell Eating

Bacteria bursting

phagocytosis and bacteriolysis.

Are the chemical substances that cause WBCs to move toward and away from the source.

Platelates

• Originate in Bone marrow most of the time
• Life Span 1 week
• NO Nucleus
• Very small 2-4u in diameter o oval disk
• 300,000/mm3

Formed from Megakaryocytes, which fragment while still in the bone marrow

thromboplastin to start the clotting mechanism

• The liquid part of blood
• straw colored
• whole blood minus the cells
• 91% water
• The other 10% isProteins, gas, electrolytes, waste products.

• Proteins - Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen and Prothrombin, Enzymes and Hormones
• Lipids, AA,
• Electrolites - Ca++, Na+, K+, Mg+, Fl-, I-, Cl
• Vitamins: A, C.
• Gases - O2, CO2
• Waste products : Urea, lactid acid

Is the plasma minus the clotting factors.

P.e. the fluid expressed from a clot.

A foreign protein (like a bacteria)

special proteins produced by the body that inactivate antigens.

1. B Lypmphocyte
2. Plasma cells
3. Antibodies
4. Specific

1. Flow
2. the opening
3. collagen fibers
4. Fibers
5. ADP
6. Cycle
7. clot
8. Fibrous
9. Clot

is the process of clotting

It is caused from damaged tissue

1. An extract from the damage tissue, tissue thromboplastin, is released into the blood.
2. Tissue thromboplastin reacts with Ca++ ions to form extrensic thromboplastin
3. Extrensi thromboplastin and several factors react to form prothrombin
4. Prothrombin reacts with Ca++ to become thrombin
5. Thrombin reacts with Ca++ to catalyze the conversion of FIBRINOGEN to fibrin

The blood itself is traumatized

1. The endohelial lining and platlets are both negatively charged and repel each other, therefore they don't stick together.
2. Platlets will stick to a rupture lining
3. Platlets release coagulation factors & form inttrensic thromboplastin
4. Intrensic thromboplastin helps to convert prothrombin into thrombin

The enzymatic break down of the fibrin into blood

Plaque that accumulates on the inner walls of your arteries is made from various substances that circulate in your blood. These include calcium, fat, cholesterol, cellular waste, and fibrin, a material involved in blood clotting. In response to plaque buildup, cells in your artery walls multiply and secrete additional substances that can worsen the state of clogged arteries.

Thrombosis is the process of a blood clot, also known as a thrombus, forming in a blood vessel. This clot can block or obstruct blood flow in the affected area, as well as cause serious complications if the clot moves to a crucial part of the circulatory system, such as the brain or the lungs.

It is normal for the body to produce clotting factors like platelets and fibrin when a blood vessel is injured, to prevent an excessive loss of blood from the body. If this effect is over productive it can obstruct the flow of blood and form an embolus that moves around the blood stream.

• Red Blood Cells
• Blood Type Antigens
• Blood Type Antibodies

is a protein on the surface of the RBCs

Agglutinins

is a protein in the plasma of the blood

an antigen on the surface of the RBCs

If the blood ...

has the Rh Factor (+)

or

Do not have Rh Factor (-)

Then will produce Rh+ antibodies

• Effects 1 out of 30 births
• it is the result of an Rh- mother having an Rh+ fetus
• Must receive Anti-Rh-Gamma-2globin Antibody preparation

RhoGam

1. Heart
2. Mediastinum

1. Parietal Pericardium
2. Pericardial Sac

serous fluid

Pericarditis

1. Fibrous CT
2. Attached to:
   • blood vessels, sternum, diaphragm ,thoracic wall
3. Support, protection and prevents over-distension

1. Epicardium
2. Visceral Pericardium

1. Serous inner layer
2. Fibrous outer layer

Pericardial Cavity

the Pericardial Cavity

Visceral Pericardium or EPICARDIUM

is the Cardiac Muscle

Endocardium

the Chambers of the heart

1. Mediastium
2. apex
3. base

Into

Out

1 - Superior Vena Cava

2 - Inferior Vena Cava

2- Right Atrium

3- Tricuspid Valve

4-Right Ventricle

4 Right Ventricle

5- Pulmonary Semilunar valves

5- Semilunar

6- Pulmonary Trunk

7- Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries

8 - Lungs

9- Four Pulmonary Veins

9- Veins

10- Left Atrium

10 - Left Atrium

11- Bicuspid Valve

12 - Left Ventricle

13 - Aortic Semilunar Valve

13- Aortic

14- Aorta

1. Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

• A self contained pacemaker for the heart
• Noncontractile cardiac cells specialized to initiate and distribute impulses throughout the heart, so that it depolarizes and contracts in an orderly, sequential manner.

• Sinoidal Node (SA Node)
• Atrialventricular Node (AV Node)
• Atrialventricular Bundle (AV Bundle)
• Bundle Branches
• Myoconduction Fibers (Purkinje)

a mass of conducting cells

• Also known as ECG or Electrocardiogram
• is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart
• Represents a COMPLETE Cardiac Cycle

• P Wave - Both Atria Contract - Atrial Depolarization
• QRS Segment - Ventricle Contract - Ventricular Depolarization
• T Wave - Ventricle Relax - Ventricular Repolarization

when a leaking valve

• blood supply with a...
• circular system with...
• Pressure

is the responsible system for the blood supply to the myocardio

Pressure

1. Pressure
2. Pressure
3. Semilunar Valve

Angina Pectoris

Myocardial Infarction (MI) or Heart Attack

A Self contained pacemaker for the heart

1. Known as Pacemaker
2. Impulse Generated
3. Atrial excitation begins

• Impulse Delayed

• Impulse passes to heart apex;
• Ventricular exitation begins

• Ventricular excitation complete

1. Left Ventricular
2. Aorta
3. To the body
4. SVC and IVC
5. Right Atrium

1. Right Ventricular
2. Pulmonary Trunk
3. Rt and Lf Pulmonary Arteries
4. Lungs
5. Pulmonary Veins
6. Left Atrium

• Right Coronary Artery next to Left Coronary artery
• From Left Coronary Artery
• Anterior Interventricular Artery and Circumflex Artery
• Venous Uptake into Coronary Sinus
• Rt Atrium

1. Venous Uptake from :
   1. Stomach
   2. Small Intestine
   3. Large Intestine
2. Hepatic Portal Vein
3. Sinusoids of the Liver
4. Hepatic Vains
5. IVC

Cardiac Output

• Stroke Volume (SV) - The volume of blood pumped out of the Lt Ventricle PER contraction
• Heart Rate (HR) - The number of heart beats per minute

70 ml

75 beats per minute

CO = SV * HR

CO = 70 ml * 75 bpm

CO = 5250 ml/min or 5.25 l/min

The sympathetitc nervous Sys. (the accelerator) increases both the rate and the force of the heartbeat.

Parasympathetic Nervous Sys. (the brakes) slows the heart.

in the medulla oblongata

input from sensory receptors and higher brain centers

monitor chemical changes in the blood

Monitor blood pressure in major veins and arteries p.e.

• Carotid Arteries -------> Carotid Sinus Reflex
• Aortic Arch -------> Aortic Reflex
• SVC and IVC -------> Right Heart Reflex

• Are stimulated by the blood pressure stretching the walls of the arteries.
• Impulses are sent until the blood pressure returns to normal

Consists of sympathetic nerve fibers which extend from the cardiovascular center of the medulla to the spinal cord in the thoracic region.

• Innervate SA Node, AV Node and Myocardium
• Their fibers release Norepinephrine

• Increased heart rate
• Increase strength of contraction

Vagus Nerve (X)

1. Decreased heart rate
2. decreased strength of contractions

Impulses from the baroreceptors are sent to the cardiovascular center to stimulate the Vagus (X) nerves and inhibit the cardiac accelerator nerves.

The result is a slowing of the force and rate of the heart which allows more time for the excess amount of blood on the arterial side to drain thereby lowering the systolic blood pressure

Impulses from the baroreceptors are sent to the cardiovascular center to stimulate the cardiac accelerator nerves and inhibit the vagus (X) nerve.

The result is an increase in the force and rate of the heart which sends more blood volume to the arterial side thereby increasing the systolic blood pressure.

Epinephrine, released due to fear, stress, and anger or anxiety.

Thyroid hormones increase excitability of SA Node which causes heart rate and strength of contraction to increase

Heat causes AV Node to discharge faster; cold has a reverse effect

Also effect the rate of the heart

A closed circulatory system of vessels containing blood.