A&P Ch18 Flashcards

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood?

Which layer of the typical blood vessel is constructed from simple squamous epithelium?

Which layer of the typical vessel can be regulated via vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

What is the outermost layer of the blood vessel wall for an artery or vein?

The aorta is an example of a(n) __________.

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.

Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction.

Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane.

The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima.

Which type of vessel contains elastin in all three tunics to allow the vessel to expand and recoil as the heart ejects blood?

What type of vessel has relatively more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue?

Gas and nutrient exchanges between the blood and tissues take place at the __________.

What type of tissue is found in the walls of the arteries that leave the heart but not in the walls of the large veins that enter the heart?

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

Which statement best describes arteries?

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________.

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________.

The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries.

Leaky capillaries found in the bone marrow are called __________.

Which of the following is true about veins?

Which capillaries are the most common in the body?

Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries?

Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________.

The most common type of blood capillary is the ________.

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.

A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries.

What type of vessel has relatively little smooth muscle or elastin in the tunica media, a large lumen (average of 5.0 mm in diameter), and thin walls (average of 0.5 mm)?

__________ is the pressure that propels blood to the tissues.

Varicose veins seen in the superficial veins of the legs are unsightly and often treated by surgically removing them. However, even without these veins being present, the return of all blood toward the heart from the legs is not diminished primarily because ______.

Which of the following is true about veins?

The pancreas is an example of an organ with arteries that do not anastomose.

Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses.

Which of the following will lower blood pressure?

Which of the following is NOT an important source of resistance to blood flow?

Peripheral resistance ________.

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________.

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.

Calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) if systolic blood pressure is 120 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure is 70 mm Hg.

What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure?

What vessels sustain a drop in pressure from approximately 35 mm Hg to around 17 mm Hg?

Which of the following is involved in long-term blood pressure regulation?

Why is it important that blood pressure drop to lower levels as it reaches the capillary beds?

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?

The pulse pressure is ________.

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?

Which action of the indirect renal mechanism promotes sodium reabsorption by the kidneys to increase mean arterial pressure?

Which of the following is NOT one of the four ways in which angiotensin II works to increase arterial blood pressure and extracellular fluid volume?

Which of the following would be interrupted in the indirect renal mechanism if angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is blocked from performing its job?

Which of the following would experience a decreased blood flow during exercise?

Which of the following would NOT move by diffusion across a capillary endothelium to or from the surrounding interstitial fluid and tissues?

Which of the following is a stimulus in local autoregulation of blood flow?

Which of the following is a long-term mechanism for maintaining blood pressure?

A pregnant patient comes into a clinic and asks about a small dark bulge that is becoming more apparent on her leg. What is it and what caused it?

What would be the effect of a high salt diet on blood pressure? What is the physiological basis for your answer?

How would a blow to the head that damages (disables) the vasomotor center affect blood pressure? What is the physiological basis for your answer?

How would an attack by a mugger effect blood pressure? What is the physiological basis for your answer?

Mr. Wilson is a 45-year-old stockbroker with essential hypertension. He is African American, obese, and he smokes 2-3 packs of cigarettes daily. What risk factors for hypertension are typified by Mr. Wilson? What complications are likely if corrective steps are not taken?

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________.

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________.

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

Aldosterone will ________.

Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg.

The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.

During exercise, cardiac output may increase by more than 170% to meet the body’s increased O2demands. This increase in cardiac output increases blood pressure. But the accompanying increase in arterial pressure is relatively small—only about 40%. What limits this increase in blood pressure so that it doesn’t reach dangerously high levels during exercise?

Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________.

Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance?

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

Which of the following is a metabolic factor that influences blood flow?

Which of the following promotes vasodilation?

Which of the following intrinsic mechanisms (autoregulation) for controlling arteriolar smooth muscle diameter promotes vasoconstriction?

What pressure is responsible for reabsorption and for pulling fluids into the venous end of capillaries?

What is the value for the net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arteriolar end of the capillary?

Assume a person is experiencing a hemorrhage and the HP_c has dropped to 23 mm Hg at the arteriole end of the capillary. Calculate net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arteriole end of the capillary.

Which of the following would be a result of anaphylaxis (a systemic allergic reaction)?

Blood from the lower limbs is returned to the heart via the __________.

The inferior vena cava carries blood __________ the __________ of the heart.

Substances absorbed in the intestines would be routed to the liver via the __________.

Vasodilation will result in increased blood flow to a given tissue.

All capillary beds are continuously perfused with blood.

Which of the following would decrease peripheral resistance to blood flow?

Which organ's blood flow pattern results in low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high oxygen levels causing vasodilation?

Which of the following is NOT a capillary transport mechanism?

What is the effect of hypovolemic shock on the blood vessels and the heart?

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

Brain blood flow autoregulation ________.

Blood flow to the skin ________.

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________.

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________.

Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?

The velocity of blood flow is ________.

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________.

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow?

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?

The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation.

Every minute, about 1.5 ml of fluid leaks out of the capillaries.

Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid.

Examine the lower left figure of Focus Figure 19.17. Assume you have a U-tube with a semipermeable membrane separating the solutions on either side. Predict what will occur to the water level if large nondiffusible solutes are added only to the left arm of the tube.

Assume you have a U-tube with a semipermeable capillary membrane made of simple squamous epithelium separating the solutions on either side. Blood will be on the left side of the tube, and watery extracellular fluid (ECF) will be on the right side of the tube. Predict what will occur to the water levels by hydrostatic pressure, the pressure of watery fluid pushing on a boundary.

Which of the following represents a correct statement about pressures at the arteriolar side of the capillary bed?

Mr. Orange has hypertension (HTN) and other vessel disorders, and his brachial blood pressure is ~160/100. Assume his HPc is ~44 mm and other pressures are unaffected. What is his NFPa?

Using the same client, Mr. Orange, with the same pressures, what is the client's NFP at the venous end, NFPv?

Which vessel leaves the right ventricle of the heart to take oxygen-poor, dark red blood into pulmonary circulation?

Which vessel(s) return(s) oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart to complete the pulmonary circuit?

Which vessel(s) of the pulmonary circuit transport(s) oxygen-rich blood?

Mrs. Gray, a 50-year-old mother of seven children, is complaining of dull, aching pains in her legs. She reports that the pain has been getting progressively worse since the birth of her last child. During her physical examination, numerous varicosities are seen in both legs. What pathologic changes have occurred in these veins?

A sustained blood pressure of 140/90 or greater indicates hypertension in the patient.

When albumin levels in the blood are below normal, fluid absorption from the tissues into the bloodstream increases.

Veins carry only oxygen deficient blood.

Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.

The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues.

Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.

The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.