Behavior Analysis Chapter 9,10,11,16
Stimulus Control
The degree of correlation between the occurrence of a particular antecedent stimulus and the occurrence of a subsequent response.
SD (ess dee)
is a stimulus response in the presence of which a response will be
reinforced (a cue that a particular response will pay off)
S-delta
a stimulus in the presence of which a response will not be reinforced (cue that a particular response will not pay off)
Stimulus Discrimination
Process by which we learn to emit a specific behavior in the presence of some stimuli and now in the presence of other stimuli
Stimulus Discrimination Training
Process of teaching stimulus discriminations
Controlling Stimuli
Stimuli that control behavior due to reinforcement in their presence and extinction in their absence (discriminative stimuli)
Stimulus Generalization occurs when...
becomes more probable in the presence of one stimulus or situations as a result of having been reinforced in the presence of another stimulus or situation
Why does stimulus Generalization occur?
1. Unlearned stimulus generalization
2. Learned stimulus generalization involving minimal physical similarity
Unlearned Stimulus Generalization
The likelihood of performing a behavior in a new situation if that situation is similar to the one in which we learned the behavior
Learned Stimulus Generalization
a. conceptual learning
b. learning of an equivalence class
Conceptual Learning
learned stimulus generalization due to common characteristics
Equivalence Class
a set of stimuli all of which have some physical characteristics in common
Conceptual Behavior
When an individual emits an appropriate response to all members of a stimulus class and does not emit that response to stimuli do not belong to that stimulus class
Stimulus Equivalence Class
A set of dissimilar stimuli where all members of the class control the same response (apple banana grapes = fruit)
Contextual Control
The general setting or context may alter the manner in which an individual response to particular stimuli.
Rule Governed Behavior
A rule describes a contingency of reinformenet
Fading
the gradual change over successive trials of a stimulus that controls a response, so that the response eventually occurs to a partially changed or completely new stimulus
Prompting
a stimulus introduced to control the desired behavior during the early part of a learning program and early part of a learning program and that is subsequently eliminated after the desired behavior has been strengthened
What are the types of prompts?
1. Instructor - Behavior Prompts
2. Environmental Prompts
3. Extra - Stimulus VS Within Stimulus
Instructor Behavior
Physical guidance, gestures, modeling prompts, verbal prompts
Environmental Prompts
Re-arranging the physical environment
Extra Stimulus VS Within Stimulus
Extra stimulus - something is added to the environment to make a correct response likely
Within Stimulus - an alternation in the characteristics of the SD or S-delta to make them more noticeable and therefore easier to discriminate
Behavior Chain/Stimulus Response Chain
A consistent sequence of stimuli and responses that occur closely to each other in time and in which the last response is typically followed by a reinforcer
Backward Chaining
Constructs the chain in the reverse order from that in which the chain is performed
Forward Chaining
the initial steps of the sequence are first, then teaches and looks together the first and second steps, then the first three steps until completion.
Shaping steps
Reinforcement of closer and closer approximations
Fading steps
reinforcement the final desired response in the presence of closer and closer approximations to the final desired stimulus for that response
Chaining Steps
Reinforcing more and more of the specific stimulus response links.