Where does meiosis occur in flowering plants?
megasporocyte and microsporoctye
The embryo of a grass seed is enclosed by two protective sheaths, a(n) _____, which covers the young shoot, and a(n) ____, which covers the young root
coleoptile; coleorhiza
For this pair of items: choose the option that best describes their relationship:
A) the number of cells within the embryo sac
B) the number of nuclei within the embryo sac
Item A is less than item B
Carpellate flowers
develop into fruits
The development of Bt crops raises concerns because
if genes for Bt toxin "escape" to related weed species, the hybrid weeds could have harmful ecological effects
A fruit includes
one or more seeds and the ovary wall
A seed develops into
an ovule
Which of the following events suggests there is a change in the egg cell membrane after penetration by a sperm?
CA2+ builds up in the cytoplasm of the egg
Which of the following is the correct sequence during the alternation of generations life cycle in a flowering plant?
sporophtye - meiosis - gameophyte - gametes - fertilization - diploid zygote
Biofuels are mainly produced by
the breakdown of cell wall bipolymers into sugars that can be fermented
Which of the following is the correct order of floral organs from the outside to the inside of a complete flower
sepals - petals - stamens - carpels
Garden beans and many other eudicots have hypocotyls hook during germination. Which of the following is a false statement concerning the hypocotyl hook?
it is the first structure to emerge from a eudicot seed
What is the function of the integument of an ovule?
form a seed coat
Sources of genetic variability in an asexually propagated species may involve all of the following processes except
hypbridization
Which of the following statements about fruits is false?
fruits form from microsporangia and integuments
In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent?
embryo sac - female gametophyte
At the conclusion of meiosis in plants the end products are always four haploid
spores
For this pair of items: choose the option that best describes their relationship:
A) the amount of fumonisin in processed maize products
B) the amount of fumonisin in processed Bt maize products
Item A is less than item B
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a pollen sac?
microsporocyte - meiosis - microspores - mitosis - two haploid cells per pollen grain
Which of the following statements regarding the endosperm is false?
it develops from the fertilized egg
A perfect flower is fertile, but may be either complete or incomplete. Which of the following correctly describes a perfect flower?
it has both stamens and carpels
A disadvantage of monoculture is that
genetic uniformity makes a crop vulnerable to a new pest or disease
All of the following are primary functions of flowers except
photosynthesis
All of the following are commercial uses of transgenic crops except
the embryo consists of diploid cells derived from fertilization of a haploid egg by a haploid sperm
All of the following could be considered advantages of asexual reproduction in plants except
adaptation to charge
"Golden Rice" is a trangenic variety that
contains daffodil genes that increase vitamin A content
Which of the following statements is correct about protoplast fusion?
it can be used to form new plant species
Regardless of where in the world a vineyard is located, in order for the winery to produce a Burgundy, it must use varietal grapes that originated in Burgundy, France. The most effective way for a new California grower to plant a vineyard to produce Burgundy is to
craft varietal Burgundy plants from France
Based on studies of plant evolution, which flower part is not a modified leaf?
receptacle
Currently available transgenic plants have been modified for all of the following traits except
nitrogen fixation
Where and by which process are sperm cells formed in plants?
mitosis in male gemetophyte pollen tube
What is the first step in the germination of a seed?
imbibition of water
For this pair of items: choose the option that best describes their relationship:
A) the pliody of the angiosperm seed endosperm
B) the pliody of the angiosperm seed
Item A is greater than item B
All of the following are commercial uses for transgenic crops except
producing plants that contain genes for making human insulin
For this pair of items: choose the option that best describes their relationship:
A) the GABA levels in pop2 mutant Arabidopsis flowers
B) the GABA levels in wild-type mutant Arabidopsis flowers
Item A is greater than item B
As flowers develop, which transition does not occur?
the tube nucleus becomes a sperm nucleus
Which of these is incorrectly paired with its life-cycle generation?
anther - gameotophyte
Which of the following is not an advantage of an extended gametophyte generation in plants?
endosperm forms a protective seed coat
Genetic incompatibility does not affect the
attraction of a suitable insect pollinator
Which of the following is a true statement about clonal reproduction in plants?
making cuttings of ornamental plants is a form of fragmentation
Which of the following is not a scientific concern relating to creating genetically modified crops?
the monetary costs of growing genetically modified plants are significantly greater than traditional breeding techniques
Which of the following would be considered to be a multiple fruit?
pineapple
Three mitotic divisions within the female gametophyte of the megaspore produce
three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei, one egg, and two synergids
Which of the following are true of most angiosperms?
a triploid endosperm within the seed and an ovary that becomes a fruit
Plant biotechnologists use protoplast fusion mainly
produce new hybrid species
What is technically the result of double fertilization in an angiosperms?
both a diploid embryo and triploid endosperm are formed
Location of the microsporangia
stamen
The male wasp Campsocoliat ciliata transfers pollen from one orchid to another orchid of the same species. What "reward" does the male wasp receive from the orchid plants for helping with the orchid pollination?
there is no reward; the male wasp is deceived by the flower shape and odor
Which of the following statements regarding flowering plants is false?
female gametophytes develop from megaspores within the anthers
Under which conditions would asexual plants have the greatest advantage over sexual plants?
relatively constant environment with infrequent disturbances
Which of the following is true in plants?
mitosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gametes, the gametophyte is within the flower in angiosperms, and meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores
In flowering plants, pollen is released from the
anther
For this pair of items: choose the option that best describes their relationship:
A) the percentage of dandelion plants that produce seeds by apomixis
B) the percentage of creosote bushes that produce seeds by apomixis
Item A is greater than item B
A fruit is a(an)
mature ovary
In the life cycle of angiosperm, which of the following stages is diploid?
microsporocyte
Which of the following is a correct sequence of processes that takes place when a flowering plant reproduces?
meiosis - pollination - nuclear fusion - formation of embryo and endosperm
Some dioecious species have XY genotype for male and XX for female. After double fertilization, what would be the genotypes of the endosperm nuclei and embryos?
embryo XX and endosperm XXX or embryo XY and endosperm XXY
In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains
two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus
All of the following floral parts are directly involved in pollination or fertilization except the
sepals
Which of the following types of plants is not able to self-pollinate?
dioecious
Which of the following occurs in an angiosperm ovule?
a megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis
Which of the following is the male gametophyte of a flowering plant?
pollen grain
Which of the following is true about vegetative reproduction?
it produces clones
What is the first organ to emerge from a germinating eduicot seed?
radicle
Fruits develop from
ovaries
Double fertilization means that
one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei
Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit?
green beans
Location of the ovary
carpel
What is the difference between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants?
pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. fertilization is the fusion from a haploid nuclei
The basal cell formed from the first division of a plant zygote will eventually develop into
the suspensor that anchors the embryo and transfers nutrients
What effects would occur in a mutant of Arabidopsis that cannot synthesize GABA within its flowers?
pollen tube growth would not be directed toward the egg, and fertilization would not occur
A plant that has small, green petals is most likely to be
wind-pollinated
Which of the following statements is true of protoplast fusion?
it can be used to form new plant varieties by combining genomes from two plants
Recent research has shown that pollination requires that carpels recognize pollen grains as "self or nonself." For self-incompatibility, the system requires
the rejection of self cells
In angiosperm seed development what does the terminal cell become?
proembryo
Which of the following statements is correct about the basal cell in a zygote?
it forms the suspensor that anchors the embryo
All of the following strategies pursued with the goal of preventing transgene escape from genetically modified crops except
hybridize transgenic crop genes with related wild weeds
Meiosis occurs within all of the following flower parts except the
style
In plants, which of the following could be an advantage of sexual reproduction as opposed to sexual reproductive?
genetic variation
You are studying a plant from the Amazon that shows strong self-incompatibility. To characterize this reproductive mechanism, you would look for
ribonuclease (RNAase) activity in stigma cells
In some angiosperms, other floral parts contribute to what is commonly called the fruit. Which of the following fruits is derived mostly from an enlarged receptacle?
apple
The most immediate potential benefits of introducing genetically modified crops include
increasing crop yeild