Developmental Psychology Chapters 5-8
College: First year, College: Second year, College: Third year, College: Fourth year
A point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people in the population rank higher and half rank lower.
Percentile
By 24 months the average child is ________ their adult height.
Half
A newborn sleeps for ________ hours.
16 hours or more
A stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves.
REM sleep
Newborn gets how much REM sleep?
50% (eight hours)
How many neurons does a newborn have at birth?
100 billion
The outer layers of the brain are called...
Cortex
The billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system is called...
Neuron
A brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron...
Neurotransmitter
Process by which unused neurons and misconnected dentrites die...
Pruning
A newborn's vision is the _______________ sense at birth.
Least Mature
(Newborns focus only on objects between 4 and 30 inches away)
Can isolation and deprivation be overcome with self righting?
No, not completely.
Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping...
Gross motor skills (Males Better)
Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin.
Fine motor skills (Females Better)
The ability to coordinate the two eyes to see one image, appears at 3 months...
Binocular vision
When not enough food of any kind is consumed...
Protein-calorie
Being too short for your age due to severe and chronic malnutrition...
Stunting
Being very underweight due to malnutrition...
Wasting
Severe malnutrition during infancy where child stops growing, tissues waste away and then usually dies...
Marasmus
Disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood where child becomes more likely to get other diseases such as measles, diarrhea and influenza...
Kwashiorkor
Piaget's term for the way infants think. By using their senses and motor skills- during the first period of cognitive development. Birth- 24 mo.
Sensorimotor
Primary Circular Reactions involves ___________
What age and what stages
1 month - Involves infant's responses to its body.
Stage 1: stage of reflexes (sucking)
Stage 2: stage of first habits (grabbing a bottle)
Secondary Circular Reactions involves ___________
What age and what stages
2nd month to 12 month
Involves responses to people and objects
Stage 3: making interesting events last (clapping)
Stage 4: new adaptation and anticipation (putting mother's hands together in order to make her start playing patty-cake
Object permanence is part of which Circular Reactions?
Secondary
Tertiary Circular Reactions involve ____________
What age and what stages
12-18 months - Involve active exploration and experimentation
Stage 5: new means through active experimentation
Stage 6: anticipate and solve problems by using mental combinations
When infants copy behavior they noticed hours or days earlier
Deferred Imitation
The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it
Habituation
A step by step description of the mechanisms of thought adds insight to our understanding of cognition at every age...
Information-processing Theory
In visual cliff experiment, _______ month olds would crawl out but ________ month olds wouldn't.
6 month would crawl out
10 month would crawl out
What is the age of memory in children and the experiment?
3 months
Ribbon tied to mobile
What are a newborn's first means of communication?
Reflexive communication- cries, movements, facial expressions
Theory of language in which infants teach themselves (ingrained) and who is credited with this theory?
LAD Theory
Chomsky
Theory of language in which infants communicate in every way because humans are social beings...
Social-pragmatic
What are the first emotional expressions?
Social smile (6 weeks)
What age does laughter start?
3-4 months
What age do infants express anger?
6 months
Tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves.
Separation anxiety-
May be a disorder if lingers after 3 months
Realization that one's body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people?
What age?
Self-awareness
5 months begin to develop awareness
15-24 months mirror test
When one sense triggers another in the brain...
Synesthesia
Also Synethesia of emotions
Infant associates textures with vision and sounds with smells and own body with the bodies of others in
Cross-modal perception
Infant emotions are difficult to predict because of the way _____________
infant's brains are activated
Area of the brain associated with vocalizations that sits atop the corpus collosum. If it were destroyed, a patient would be mute...
Anterior cingulated gyrus
name the 3 categories of temperment + the category for everything that doesn't fit into the first 3...
Easy, Difficult, Slow to warm up, and Hard to classify
"EDS" and Hard to classify
Name Freud's PsychoSexual stages of development
Oral (first year)
Anal (second year)
Phallic
Latent
Genital
Erikson's 2nd crisis of Life...
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self rule over their actions and body
A theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture
Ethnotheory
A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant
Synchrony
Name type of attachment:
An infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver...
Secure attachement
Name type of attachment:
An infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return...
Insecure-avoidant attachement
An infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion...
Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
Name type of attachment:
A type of attachement that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return...
Disorganized attachment
Age at which slim down occurs
From age 2-6 yrs
Overweight children are most likely to be what race?
Hispanic 27%
Asian 22%
African 14%
European 11%
The most common disease of children in developed nations...
Tooth decay
What is the percent of total brain weight by age 6?
90%
The fatty coating on the axons that speeds signals between neurons and is responsible for faster thinking...
meylination
Refers to the sidedness or specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain with one side dominant for each activity
Lateralization
When a child stick to one thought or action unable to quit (due to immature prefrontal cortex)
Perseveration
Part of brain that involves memory- especially of locations. Works closely with the emotions of the Amygdala such as fear
Hippocampus
Actions such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event occur and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing a disability are called...
Tertiary prevention