Unit 1 Review
Study of the structure of body parts
Anatomy
Study of the function of the body to sustain life
Physiology
Study of large, visual body structures
(can be approached regionally, systemically or on the surface)
Macroscopic Anatomy
Study of extremely small structures
(subdivisions are cytology and histology)
Microscopic Anatomy
Study of structural changes throughout the life span
Developmental Anatomy
Study of structural changes before birth
Embryology
Renal physiology is a study involving the
kidney function and urine production
Neurophysiology is the study involoving the
working of the nervous system
Cardiovascular physiology is a study involving the
operation of the heart and blood vessels
Pulmonary physiology is a study involving the
lung function intergrated with the heart function and circulatory system for exchange of CO2 and O2.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION (SIMPLE TO COMPLEX
-atoms combine to form molecule
-cells made up of molecule
-similar/dissimarl types of cell all working together to perform a specific function
-different organs work together closely
-human organisms are made up of many organ systems
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION (SIMPLE TO COMPLEX
-Chemical
-Cellular
-Tissue
-Organ system
-Organismal
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION:
system for comparing the similarties between all living things LIST 3
1. All made of the same physical building blocks (atoms)
2. All use DNA for cellular instructions and hereditary transference
3. All made of cells
NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTION
LIST 12
1. Maintaining boundaries 7. reproduction
2. movement 8. growth
3. responsiveness 9. oxygen
4. digestion 10. water
5. metabolism 11. normal body temperatures
6. extretion 12. ap. atmos. pressure
*Ability of the body to maintain relative stable internal conditions despite external changes
*dynamic state/balance
*internal conditions vary within narrow limits
*not random but controlled reactions
HOMEOSTASIS
3 COMPONENTS:
-RECEPTOR
-CONTROL CENTER
-EFFECTOR
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL
(sensor that monitors environment sending signal from stimuli to)
(nervous system to)
(body part/system that responds to stimuli)
1.approaches
2.exits
AFFERENT PATHWAY
EFFERENT PATHWAY
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
reduces or shuts off stimulus i.e. temperature drops
POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
more is better i.e. birthing
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
(skin and associated structures)
-protection
- thermo-regulation
-water balance
-sensory reception
-substance production
- outgoing messaging
SKELETAL SYSTEM
(all bones of the body, carilages, joints)
-protection
-movement
-support
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
(skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle)
-support
-protection
-movement
-posture
-thermo-genetic
*CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
(blood, heart, and vessels)
-transport
-BP & Blood output maintanence
-thermo-regulation
-pH regulation
*RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(lungs and associated air passageways)
-ventilation
-respiration
-pH regulation assistance
-speaking component
*LYMPH/IMMUNE SYSTEM
(lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen)
-attacks invaders
-stops renegade cells
*DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
(GI tract, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas)
-ingestion
-digestion
-exportation
-elimination
*URINARY SYSTEM
(kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra)
-exports byproducts
-maintains chemical equilibrium in blood
-regulates water release and retention
-small endocrine function
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(gonads and organs of transport and storage)
-makes gametes
-storage
-gestation
-nourishment for newborns
NERVOUS SYSTEM****
(CNS, PNS, sensory organs)
-sensory reception (afferent)
-integration
-motor output (efferent)
-control of all bodily functions
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM***
(all glands, tissues & cells that produce hormones)
-hormone production for regulation of mood, tissue function, metabolism, growth, development, sexual function, reproductive function
-works closely with NERVOUS SYSTEM
IMPORTANT INORGANIC MOLECULES
1.worlds best solvent
2. diatomic molecule that is a proton donor
3. waste product in process of energy (ATP)
4. minerals or salts (Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mg)
IMPORTANT INORGANIC MOLECULES
1. WATER
2. OXYGEN
3. CARBON DIOXIDE
4. ELECTROLYTES
CHEMICAL BONDS
1.shared electrons
2.transfer of electrons
3.proton sharing
CHEMICAL BONDS
1. covalent bond
2. ionic bond
3. hydrogen bond
IMPORTANT ORGANIC MOLECULES
-simple sugar, monosaccharide (glucose, fructose)
-polysaccharide (glycogen, starch)
-energy resevoir
CARBOHYDRATES
IMPORTANT ORGANIC MOLECULES
-fatty acids
-lipids
-oils
-waxes
-cellular membranes, yolk
FATS
IMPORTANT ORGANIC MOLECULES
-amino acids (peptides)
-proteins (polypeptides)
-enzymes, structure, egg white, meat
PROTEINS
IMPORTANT ORGANIC MOLECULES
-nucleotides DNA, RNA
-hereditary, cell information
NUCLEIC ACIDS
-semi permeable
-provides protection
-defines the extent of the cell
CELL MEMBRANE
-reservoir for raw materials and organelles
CYTOPLASM
-cell information and hereditary data
NUCLEUS
-threadlike or lozenge shaped membranous organelles
-power plant of the cell, converts glucose into ATP
MITOCHONDRIA
-consists of stacked & flattened membranous sacs, shaped like hollow dinner plates
-packages things for export out of the cell
GOLGI APPARATUS
-external surface is studded with ribosomes
-synthesizes proteins, usually for export
ROUGH ER
-clusters of ribosomes (small, dark-staining granules)
-perform protein synthesis for internal use
ROUSETTES
-continuous with rough ER & consists of tubules arranged in a looping network
-sythesizes lipids and steroids
SMOOTH ER
FUNCTIONS
-PROTECTION -SECRETION
-ABSORPTION -SURFACE TRANSPORT
-FILTRATION -SENSORY RECEPTIONS
-EXCRETION
EPITHELIUM OR EPITHELIAL TISSUE
FUNCTION
-PROTECTION (absorbing shock)
-SUPPORT FOR OTHER TISSUES (bone/cartilage)
-BRINGS DIVERSE TISSUE TYPES TOGETHER (i.e. organs)
-separates tissues which function differently
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FUNCTION
-VOLUNTARY (SKELETAL)
-INVOLUNTARY (CARDIAC, SMOOTH)
-assists with movement of body systems
MUSCLE TISSUE
FUNCTION
-COMMUNICATION (NEURONS)
-SUPPORT, PROVIDE, PROTECT, CLEAN UP (NEUROGLIA)
NERVOUS TISSUE
FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
1. from injury, foreign substances, invasion, sunlight, dehydration
PROTECTION
FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
2. HEAT - sudoriferous glands (sweat), vasodilation (blood vessel)
COLD - vasoconstriction, pilo-erection, adipose connective tissue
REGULATION OF TEMPERATURE
FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
3. vast array of sensory receptors to detect environmental conditions; texture and color of skin; convey information to doctors
COMMUNICATION OF INTERNAL/EXTERNAL CONDITIONS
(cyanosis, jaundice, pallor, flushed, bronze)
FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
4. massive growth of keratin, oily secretions by sebaceous glands, sweat produced by sudoriferous glands
SYNTHESIS & SECRETION
SUB-LAYER OF EPIDERMIS 5
-single layer of rapidly dividing cells called KERATINOCYTES.
-as new cells form, they push upward
-rate of production = rate of abrasion
STRATUM BASALE
SUB-LAYER OF EPIDERMIS 4
-8-10 layers of cells (thickest layer)
-production of KERATIN begins here
-LANGERHANS CELLS found her (macrophages)
STRATUM SPINOSUM
SUB-LAYER OF EPIDERMIS 3
-3-5 layers of cell
-final fomr of KERATIN occur
-LAMELLATED GRANULES observed here, releases GLYCOLIPID for waterproofing skin
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
SUB-LAYER OF EPIDERMIS 2
-found only in palms/soles of feet, called thick skin
-cells appear clear, flat, are are now dead
STRATUM LUCIDEM
SUB-LAYER OF EPIDERMIS 1
-25-30 layer of flat, dead cells
-cells are completely filled with KERATIN
-cells continuously shed & replace
STRAUTUM CORNEUM
squamous
flat
keratinocytes
produces keratin
melanocytes
mature melanin forming cell
RETICULAR LAYER
fibroblasts
mitosis
RETICULAR LAYER
macrophages
wbc (langerhan's)
RETICULAR LAYER
mast cells
histamine (inflammatory/allergic)
EPIDERMIS
THIN OR THICK
4 OR 5 LAYERS
STRATA (corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale)
CELL TYPES: squamous, keratinocytes, melanocytes
DERMIS
PAPILLARY LAYER
AREOLAR CT
PAPILLAE
RIDGES
FINGERPRINTS & FLEXURES
DERMIS
RETICULAR LAYER
DENSE IRREG CT
CELLS
FIBERS
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES - NAILS
CELL TYPES: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells
ESSAY
1.lymphatic & immune
2. urinary
3.respiratory
4.digestive
5.cardiovascular
1.collection of ex. fluid/transport of fat from digestive system to cardiovascular system
2.produce, collects, eliminates urine/excretion of waste products
3.keeps the blood completely supplied with O2/removes CO2
4.eliminates solids & wastes/breaks down & absorbs food
5.distributes O2 and nutrients to cells/carries away CO2 and wastes
ESSAY
Nervous System: nerve/brain
fast acting control system of the body that responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. integration of other organ systems via nerve impulses that travel via nerves.
ESSAY
Endocrine System: pituitary gland/ adrenal gland
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrition use by body cells. integration of other organ systems via hormones that travel via blood.