Human Anatomy & Physiology: Festival 7 (Reproductive) Flashcards

True or False:

The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium.

True or False:

The mammary glands are present in both sexes.

Effects of estrogen include ________.

growth of the larynx
deepening of the voice
increased oiliness of the skin
growth of the breasts at puberty

Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise?

One is an undeveloped primary oocyte that failed to mature.

What you really see are two polar bodies and the sperm that will fertilize the egg.

The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.

There were originally four polar bodies and one disappeared.

Which of the following occurs as a result of undescended testes?

Inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced.

Male sex hormones will not be circulated in the body.

Inadequate blood supply will retard the development of the testes.

Sperm will have no means of exit from the body.

The mammary glands belong to which of the following systems?

integumentary system
reproductive system
endocrine system
immune system

Which of the following is an effect of estrogen in females?

suppresses the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
promotes water loss (diuresis)
promotes oogenesis
promotes lactation

A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________.

excessive beard growth

shrinkage of the anterior pituitary gland

increased spermatogenesis

decreased testosterone secretion

Which specific layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation, approximately every 28 days?

myometrium
stratum functionalis of the endometrium
mesometrium
stratum basalis of the endometrium

True or False:

Failure to attain erection is called erectile dysfunction.

Which of the following cells is released during ovulation?

primary oocyte
secondary oocyte
ovum
oogonium

What is the role of the corpus luteum?

to stimulate the female sexual response

ovulation

to produce the primary oocytes

to produce hormones that maintain the uterine lining during the first months of pregnancy

Which hormone promotes the formation of secondary sex characteristics such as the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair, enhanced hair growth on the chest, and a deepening voice?

FSH
LH
GnRH
testosterone

Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm and urine?

epididymis
ductus (vas) deferens
urethra
ejaculatory duct

Which of the following cells is returned to the basal lamina to continue the pool of dividing germ cells?

secondary spermatocyte
type B daughter cell
primary spermatocyte
type A daughter cell or spermatogonium

Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true?

Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses.

Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin.

The monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones.

Fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes.

How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth?

Excessive warmth has no effect on the testicles because of their location in the scrotum.

They move away from the pelvic cavity.

They move close to the pelvic cavity.

Excessive warmth is actually beneficial in that it speeds up the maturation of sperm.

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________.

dizygotic
identical
fraternal
of different sexes

The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as the __________ chromosome number.

23; diploid
46; diploid
23; haploid
46; haploid

Which structure of the female's external genitalia has erectile tissue like the penis?

mons pubis
labia majora
vulva
clitoris

The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________.

gravity
peristaltic contractions
hormonal action
enzymatic activity

Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone?

stimulates the male pattern of development

contributes to male sexual behavior and spermatogenesis

stimulates mammary gland development

stimulates protein synthesis

Why are the male testes located in the scrotum outside the body?

Immature sperm are temperature sensitive.

It helps the male secondary sexual characteristics develop.

Their external location is necessary for penile development.

The testes develop better outside the body.

During vasectomy, what accessory duct is cut as a form of birth control?

ejaculatory duct
epididymis
ductus (vas) deferens
urethra

True or False:

The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.

The primary function of the uterus is to ________.

synthesize female hormones

receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum

regulate the ovarian and menstrual cycles

protect the ovaries

Why CAN'T polar bodies be fertilized?

Polar bodies are diploid.

Polar bodies lack nutrient-containing cytoplasm.

Polar bodies have too few chromosomes.

Polar bodies can be fertilized, resulting in the formation of fraternal twins.

What are the two fatty, hair-covered skin folds that run posteriorly from the mons pubis?

greater vestibular glands
labia majora
clitoris
labia minora

What determines the gender (sex) of a child?

hormones produced by the mother

sex chromosomes

autosomes

hormones produced by the father

The "master switch" for male reproductive development is ________.

presence of testosterone
lack of an X chromosome
inhibition of estrogen
the SRY gene

True or False:

The ovaries are situated in the peritoneal cavity flanking the uterus.

Why doesn't semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation?

There is no urge to urinate during sexual intercourse because of the suppression of LH by testosterone buildup in the blood.

There is no common duct between the reproductive system and the urinary system.

Ejaculation is a parasympathetic reflex resulting in no response by urinary contraction muscles.

The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.

Which of the following is housed within the spermatic cord?

rete testis
testicular arteries and veins
epididymis
seminiferous tubules

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the vagina of an adult female?

The mucosa of the vagina is stratified squamous epithelium.

The vagina is also called the birth canal.

The vaginal mucosa lacks glands.

The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline.

True or False:

Oocytes only complete meiosis II if they are fertilized.

Which of the following is an INCORRECT matching of female reproductive structures with their functions?

vagina/birth canal

uterus/the womb (area of development of the fetus)

ovarian follicle/ovum (egg) production

uterine tube/transport unfertilized ovum to uterus for removal from the body

True or False:

Both tetrads and crossovers are seen during meiosis.

True or False:

Gametes are produced by meiosis.

What is the pigmented ring of skin situated slightly below the center of each breast?

sebaceous glands
areola
lactiferous ducts
lobe

Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is false?

Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.

Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium that can bring on painful discharges in males.

Genital herpes is caused by a virus that may cause intermittent lesions.

Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that can often be asymptomatic or bring on a wide variety of symptoms.

True or False:

When it is cold, the scrotum is pulled away from the body.

The duct system of the male reproductive system does not include the ________.

ductus deferens
urethra
epididymis
corpus spongiosum

How many functional gametes are produced by oogenesis?

one functional gamete
two functional gametes
three functional gametes
four functional gametes

True or False:

The smaller cell produced by oogenesis meiosis I, called the first polar body, is essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material.

Which cells produce androgens such as testosterone?

sustentocytes (Sertoli cells)
spermatogenic cells
myoid cells
interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells

Why does meiosis involve two nuclear divisions rather than one, as in mitosis?

Meiosis produces two genetically identical cells through the two nuclear divisions.

Meiosis creates gametes with double the original chromosome number.

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half.

Meiosis produces four cells, eachwith identical chromosomes.

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________.

the mature ovum is n, while the sperm is 2n

during spermatogenesis two more polar bodies are produced

spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only

in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell

True or False:

Sperm from the male parent determines the gender of the child.

Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females?

All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant.

The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation.

The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system.

Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer.

During what phase of the female's uterine (menstrual) cycle is the uterine lining shed?

preovulatory phase
secretory, or postovulatory, phase
proliferative phase
menstrual phase

Which of the following glands are responsible for about 70% of the volume of semen?

the bulbo-urethral glands
the seminal glands
the prostate
the pituitary

Which layer of the uterine wall is made of smooth muscle?

endometrium
perimetrium
mesometrium
myometrium

True or False:

Sexually transmitted diseases are an important cause of female fertility problems.

True or False:

The amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of FSH alone.

True or False:

A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum?

labia minora
labia majora
clitoris
vagina

True or False:

When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm of the male.

True or False:

Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.

Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?

ICSH
GnRH
inhibin
ACTH

If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain?

triple the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to triple and normal development would not occur

twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur

half the diploid number with no change in development

There is no relationship between gametes and somatic cells.

At what point during meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?

prophase I
metaphase I
prophase II
anaphase I

True or False:

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.

True or False:

It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature for abundant, viable sperm formation.

What event occurs during the proliferative phase?

ovulation

menstruation

stratum functionalis is shed

enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretions prepare for reception of an embryo

Formation of a secondary oocyte occurs during __________.

the luteal phase
pregnancy
ovulation
the follicular phase

Why does only one egg, rather than four eggs, develop during oogenesis, given that spermatogenesis results in four sperm formed from one stem cell?

Only one egg can be fertilized at a time.

The unequal cytoplasmic division that results in one egg and three polar bodies ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus.

Actually, gametogenesis (oogenesis in the female and spermatogenesis in the male) produces four eggs and four sperm.

The egg does not go through the meiotic division processes that the sperm undergo.

Sperm is produced in the __________ of the testes.

tunica albuginea
myoid cells
tunica vaginalis
seminiferous tubules

Why is the blood testis barrier important?

because immature sperm cells lose their motility when they encounter any blood component

because some blood contents are toxic to the spermatozoa

because spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system

because the barrier traps sex hormones, keeping them at a higher level than the blood.

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________.

infundibula
fimbriae
Graafian follicles
uterine tubes

True or False:

The primary function of the testes is to produce testosterone.

The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________.

interstitial endocrine cells
spermatogonia
sustenocytes
spermatocytes