Beta-lactams (Penicillins, Cephalosporin, Monobactam)

Vancomycin and cycloserine- interfere w/crosslinking

Bacitracin- blocks NAG/NAM secretion from cytoplasm

Isoniazid and ethambutol

Streptomycin- some aminoglycosides alter 30S shape= mRNA misread

Tetracycline- block tRNA docking site (A site)

Chloramphenicol- block peptide bond formation

Lincosamides & Macrolides- bind 50S, block mRNA movement

Atovaquone- interfere with ETC of protozoa & fungi

Heavy metals- inactivate enzymes

Niclosamide- disrupt oxida. phos. of ATP in many protozoa & helminths

Amantadine- inhibit viral uncoating in Influenza A

Sulfanilamide- analog of PABA; irreversibly binds enzyme for folic acid synth, which is required for nucleic acid synth

Nucleoside analogs- acyclovir, AZT, ribavirin - don’t properly base-pair

quinolones/fluoroquinolones- target prok. DNA gyrase

Amphotericin B- attaches to ergosterol in fungi, forms membrane channels. Human cholesterol=somewhat susceptible. Bacteria=no effect

Azoles & allylamines- inhibit ergosterol synthesis= only target fungi

Polymyxin- target membrane in gram (-), esp. Pseudomonas .

1. Toxic to human kidney

Arildone- block Poliovirus attachment

1. Phylum Firmicutes:
1. Clostridia: bacilli, obligate anaerobes, endospores, toxins
2. Mycoplasma: facultative/obligate anaerobes, no cell walls (pleomorphic), smallest free-living cells
3. Bacillus- soil; endospores
4. Listeria- milk/meat contaminate;
5. Lactobacillus- normal in body; yogurt
6. Streptococcus
7. Enterococcus
8. Staphylococcus

1. Phylum Actinobacteria
1. Corynebacterium: pleomorphic aerobe/ facultative anaerobe; produce metachromatic granules (PO4 storage)
2. Mycobacterium: aerobic rods/filaments; slow growth due to mycolic acid on cell walls/ acid-fast stain
3. Actinomycetes: branching filaments (like fungi)
4. Actinomyces: in mouth
5. Nocardia: degrades pollutants
6. Streptomyces: make Abx (erythromycin, tetracycline)

nitrogen fixers, nitrifying bacteria, can live in vinegar and low nutrient water baths

Pathogens: Rickettsia, Brucella

1. Pathogens:
1. Neisseria- gonorrhea, meningitis
2. Bordetella- Pertussis(whooping cough)
3. Burkholderia- moist environments
2. Non-pathogens: recycle sulfur into sulfate, waste treatment

Most diverse class

1. Intracellular pathogens:
1. Legionella- eat amino acids, in macrophages; Legionnaires Disease
2. Coxiella- low pH, in macrophages, Q fever
2. Methane oxidizers
3. Glycolytic facultative anaerobes (Enterobacteriaceae): Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Vibrio; cause gastroenteritis and plague
4. Pseudomonas- UTIs

Campylobacter- blood poisoning

Helicobacter- H. pylori, stomach ulcer

Chlamydias-

1. Chlamydia- small cocci, intracellular, cause chlamydia STD and neonatal blindness

Spirochetes- helical, axial filaments

Bacteroides- obligate anaerobe rods, comprise 30% of feces bacteria

1. Treponema- Syphilis
2. Borrelia- Lyme Disease
3. Bacteroids

1. Eukaryotic, unicellular, no cell wall
2. all motile but apicomplexa
3. require moist environments
4. Usually asexual, but some sexual

Protozoa; no mito;

ex: Trichomonas

Protozoa; no mito, golgi bodies, or peroxisomes;

ex: Giardia

Protozoa

Euglena- phototropic, no cell wall, flagella

Kinetoplastids- have kinetoplast (MRO);

ex: Trypanosoma, Leishmania

Protozoa

Ciliates- chemohetero, 2 nuclei

ex: Paramecium

Apicomplexans- chemohetero pathogens;

ex: Plasmodium, Toxoplasma

saprobes & obligate parasites

ex: Microsporidia, Nosema

Molds and yeasts. Food, Abx, pathogens

Ex: Tuber (truffles), Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Histoplasma

Mushrooms and yeasts.

Ex: edible mushrooms, Cryptococcus neoformans (fungal meningitis)

1. Herpesviridae: dsDNA
2. Papillomaviridae: dsDNA
3. Picornaviridae: ssRNA(+)
1. Rhinovirus, Hep A, Polio
4. Coronaviridae: ssRNA(+)
1. SARS, cold
5. Retroviridae: ssRNA(+) segmented
1. HIV
6. Rhabdoviridae: ssRNA(-)
1. Rabies
7. Filoviridae: ssRNA(-)
1. Ebola
2. Marburg (hemorrhagic fever)