Subdivisions of the MUCOSA layer of the alimentary canal
1. epithelium
2. lamina propria
3. muscularis mucosa
Major functions of the MUCOSA
absorption
secretion
Subdivisions of the SUBMUCOSA layer of alimentary canal
not applicable
Major functions of the SUBMUCOSA of alimentary canal
vascular supply for mucosa; protection
Subdivisions of the MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
1. circular layer
2. longitudinal layer
major functions of the MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
churning; mixing; propulsion of food along the tract
subdivisions of the SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA
not applicable
major functions of SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA
protection & anchoring for adventitia; reduction of friction for abdominal organs by serosa
The tubelike digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is known as the ___ canal or the ______ tract
alimentary
GI
How is the muscularis externa of the stomach modified? How does this modification relate to the function of the stomach?
it has a 3rd (obliquely oriented) muscle layer; vigorous churning activity occurs here
What transition in epithelial type exists at the gastroesophageal junction? How doe the epithelia of these 2 organs relate to their specific functions?
Changes from strafified squamous (esophagus) to simple columnar (stomach). The esophagus is subjected to constant abrasion (stratified squamous is well adapted for this). The stomach has secretory (and some absorptive) functions and is better protected from acid
Differentiate between the colon and the large intestine
The large intestine includes the colon, but also includes the cecum, vermiform appendix, rectum, and anal canal
structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall
mesentary
fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption
villi
large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine
Peyers patches
deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine
circular folds
2 regions that break down food stuffs mechanically
oral cavity
stomach
mobile organ that manipulates food in the mouth and initiates swallowing
tongue
conduit for both air and food
pharynx
3 structures continuous with and representing modifications of the peritoneum
greater omentum
lesser omentum
mesentary
the "gullet"; no digestive/ absorptive function
esophagus
folds of the gastric mucosa
rugae
sacculations of the large intestine
haustra
projections of the plasma membrnae of a mucosal epithelial cell
microvilli
valve at the junction of the small and large intestines
ileocecal valve
primary region of food and water absorption
small intestine
membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth
frenulum
absorbs water and forms feces
large intestine
area between the teeth and lips/cheeks
vestibule
wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum
appendix
initiates protein digestion
stomach
structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach
lesser omentum
organ distal to the stomach
small intestine
valve controlling food movement from the stomach to the duodenum
pyloric valve
posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity
soft palate
location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter through with pancreatic secretions and bile pass
small intestine
serous lining of the abdominal cavity wall
parietal peritoneum
principal site for synthesis of Vk by microorganisms
large intestine
region containing 2 sphincters through which feces are expelled from the body
anus
bone supported anterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity
hard palate
visible portion of the tooth in situ
clinical crown
material covering the tooth root
cementum
hardest substance in the body
enamel
attaches the tooth to bone and surrounding alveolar structures
periodontal ligament
portion of the tooth embedded in bone
root
forms the major portion of tooth structure; similar to bone
dentin
produces dentin
odontoblast
site of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
pulp
entire portion of the tooth covered with enamel
anatomical crown
in the human the number of deciduous teeth is _; the number of permanent teeth is _
20, 32
what teeth are the "wisdom teeth"
the number 3 most posterior molars
produces mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine
duodenal glands
produce a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth
salivary glands
produce a whole spectrum of enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum
pancreas
produce bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct
liver
produces HCl and pepsinogen
gastric glands
found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produces intestinal juice
intestinal crypts
which of the salivary glands produces a secretion that is mainly serous?
Parotid
what is the role of the gallbladder?
to store and concentrate bile made by the liver
name 3 structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver
branch of the bile duct
branch of hepatic artery
branch of hepatic portal vein
where would you expect to find kupffer cells of the liver?what is their function?
lining the sinusoids; phagocytosis of debris and worn-out blood cells
why is the liver so dark red in the living animal
bc it is a blood reservoir
the pancreas has 2 major populations of secretory cells- those in the islets and the acinar cells. which population serves the digestive process?
acinar cells