Campbell Biology: Exam 2 Review Flashcards
__________ are heterotrophs that ingest their food, multicellular eukaryotes, and lack cells walls (NOT cell membranes)
Animals

This is an example of:
Radial Symmetry

This is an example of:
Bilateral Symmetry
In bilateral symmetry, the top side is referred to as the ______.
Dorsal
In bilateral symmetry, the bottom side is referred to as the ________.
Ventral
In bilateral symmetry, the head is referred to as the _______.
Anterior
In bilateral symmetry, the tail is referred to as the ________.
Posterior
_________ are collection of specialized cells isolated from other tissues and specialized for particular function.
Tissues
Tissues are developed from three _____ ______: Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm.
germ layers
________ is the germ layer covering the embryo surface.
Ectoderm
________ is the inner most germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron.
Endoderm
__________ have an intervening third germ layer- the mesoderm layer; this includes all bilaterians.
Triploblastic
_________ are animals that have just the Ectoderm and Endoderm layers.
Diploblastic
________ are animals that posses a true coelem (body cavity)
Coelomates
A _________ is a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm.
Pseudocoelm
Triploblastic animals that posses a pseudocoelm are called __________.
Pseudocoelomates
Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are called __________.
Acoelomates
In __________ development, cleavage is spiral and determinate.
Protostome
in __________ development, cleavage is radial and indeterminate.
Peuterostome
In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the _______.
Mouth
In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the _______.
Anus
__________ (segmented worms) have bodies composed of a series of fused rings.
Annelida
___________: class of Annelida, named for relatively sparse chaetae, bristles made of chitin, include earthworms and a variety of aquatic species, and have a closed circulatory system.
Oligochaete
_________: class of Annelida, have paddle-like parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion.
Polychaetes
________: (leeches), a class of Annelida, and are blood sucking parasites.
Hirudinea
_________ ( roundworms): are pseudocoelomates, and found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in most tissues of plants, and in cody fluids and tissues of animals. have an alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory system, reproduction is usually sexual, by internal fertilization, and are important parasites of plants and animals.
Nematoda
Two out of every three known species of animals are __________. They are found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere. have an open circulatory system and alimentary canal, reproduce internally sexually with separate sexes.
Arthropods
The body of Arthropods are completely covered by the ________, an exoskeleton made of chitin.
cuticle
_________: when an anthropoid grows, it molts its exoskeleton.
Ecdysis
________ is one key to the great success of insects.
flight
____________:
-sea stars and others are slow-moving or sessile marine animals.
-a thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates.
-reproduce sexually, and is external
-have a radial anatomy evolved from bilateral symmetry of ancestors.
Echinodermata
Echinodermata have a ________ vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.
water
__________, subphylum cephalochordate, are named for their blade-like shape. They are marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan as adults.
Lancelets.
is a vertebrate, also known as an urochordate.
Tunicates
The least derived surviving craniate lineage is Myxini, the __________.
Hagfishes
_________ become more efficient at capturing food and avoiding being eaten. They have the following derived characters:
-vertebrae forming backbone
-an elaborate skull
-dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins/appendages
Vertebrates
___________ represent the oldest living lineage of vertebrates. They are jawless vertebrates that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fish.
Lampreys
Lampreys have __________ _______ (vertebrae like projections) surrounding the notochord.
cartilaginous segments
_________ are vertebrates that have jaws.
Gnathostones
_____________:
-have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage
-the largest and most diverse group of this include sharks, rays, and skates.
-The reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty into a common cloaca.
Chondrichthyans
__________ (bony fish) have a bony endoskeleton.
Aquatic __________ are the vertebrates we informally call fishes.
Osteichthyans
The __________ have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins. 3 lineages survive and include coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods.
lobe-fins
_________ are gnathostones that have limbs.
Tetrapods
____________ means "both ways of life", referring to the metamorphosis of an aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult.
Amphibians
Most amphibians have moist skin that complements the lungs in ______ _________.
gas exchange
Amphibian fertilization is _________ in most species, and the eggs require a moist environment.
external
Most amphibians are ________.
oviparious
_________ are a group of tetrapods whose living members include reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Amniotes
Amniotes are named for the major derived character of the clade, the ________ ____, which contains extra embryonic membranes that protect the embryo.
amniotic egg

The FOUR ___________ __________ are the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.
extraembryonic membranes
The _______ clade includes the tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds.
Reptile
Derived Characters of ________:
-the major adaptation is wings with keratin feathers.
-other adaptations include lack of a urinary bladder, females with only one ovary, small gonads, loss of teeth, larger brains, and pneumatic bones.
Birds
___________ are amniotes that have hair and produce milk.
Derived Characteristic:
Mammary glands, hair, a larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size, l onger period of parental care of young differentiated teeth.
Mammals
_________ are animals that lack a backbone, they account for 95% of known animals species.
Invertebrates
Phylum ________ (sponges): are basal animals that lack true tissues.
-live in both fresh and marine waters.
-are attacked(sessile) organisms.
Porifera
Sponges are ________ _______, capturing food particles suspended in the water that pass through their body.
suspension feeders
____________, flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food.
Choanocytes
In Porifera, water is drawn through pores into a cavity called the _________, and out through an opening called the osculum.
spongocoel
Sponges consist of a noncellular ________ layer between two cell layers.
mesohyl
__________ are found in the mesohyl and play roles in digestion and structure in sponges.
Amoebocytes
Most sponges are ___________: Each individual function as both male and female.
hermaphrodite
Phylum _______: are ancient phylum of eumetazoans. have diversified into a wide range of both sessile and motile (floating) forms including jellies, corals, and hydras.
-they exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan.
Cnidaria
Cnidaria exhibit a relatively simple ________, radial body plan.
diploblastic
The basic body plan of a Cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the _______ ______.
Gastrovascular cavity
There are two variations on the Cnidarian body plan: the sessile _______ and motile _________.
polyp, medusa

Phylum _______ is divided into four major classes:
Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Cubozoa
Anthozoa
Cnidaria
Most _______ alternate between polyp and medusa forms.
Hydrozoans
In the class ________, jellies (medusae) are the prevalent form of the life cycle.
Scyphozoa
In the class ________, which includes box jellies and sea wasps, the medusa is box shaped and has complex eyes.
Cubozoa
Class ________ includes the corals and sea anemones, which occur only as polyps.
Anthozoa
Members of phylum _________ ( flatworms) live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats. they are acoelomates. They are flattened dorsoventrally and have a gastrovascular cavity.
Platyhelminthes
________ classes are:
Turbellaria
Monogenea
Trematoda
Cestoda
Flatworm
___________ are a class of flatworm that are nearly all free-living and mostly marine animals. have a mouth on ventral surface, which can act as anus, a pharynx, and release digestive juices.
Turbellaria
__________ and _________, a class of flatworm, live as parasites in or on other animals. They parasitize most vertebrates.
Monogeneans, Trematodes
________ that parasitize humans spend part of their lives in snail hosts.
Trematodes
Most ________ are parasites of fish.
Monogeneans
Class ________, a class of flatworm, are tapeworms, which lack a digestive system.
Cestoda
________, phylum Rotifera, are tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil. they are smaller than many protists but are truly multicellular and have specialized systems. are females ONLY.
Rotifers
_________ are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell, are coelomates, have excretory organs, an alimentary canal, and an open circulatory system.
Molluscs
The molluscs class, __________, consists of the chitons, oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates.
Polyplacophora
About three-quarters of all living species of molluscs are _________. most are marine, but many are freshwater and terrestrial species, have single, spiraled shell, head with eyes on tentacles.
Gastropods
Molluscs of class __________ include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops. have a hinged shell divided into two halves, NO head or radula, and mantle cavity contains gills used for feeding and gas exchange
Bivalvia
Mollusc class __________ includes squids and octopuses, carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot, close circulatory system, shell is either external, internal, or absent, have brain and sensory organs, and well expressed eyes.
Cephalopods
Major lineage of Arthropods, __________ ( sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, and spider), are named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae.
Chelicerates
Major lineage of Arthropod, _________ (centipedes and millipedes), are terrestrial and have jaw-like mandibles.
Myriapods
have one pair of legs per trunk segment:
Centipedes
have two pair of legs per trunk segment:
Millipedes
Major lineage of Arthropod, _________ (insects and relatives), have more species than all other forms of life combined. live in almost everyterrestriacl habitat and in freshwater, reproduce sexually.
Hexapoda
In __________ metamorphosis, the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size.
incomplete
Insects with _________ metamorphosis have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar.
complete
Major lineage of Arthropod: ________( crabs, lobster, shrimps, barnacles, and many others), for the most part, have remained in marine and freshwater environments. typically have branched appendages that are extensively specialized for feeding and locomotion, reproduce sexually.
Crustaceans
Four key characteristics of _________:
-notochord
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-pharyngeal slits of clefts
-muscular, post-anal tail
Chordates
________ are a small group of egg-laying MAMMALS consisting of echidnas and the platypus. They have cloaka and lack nipples.
Monotremes
_________ are mammals that include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas. a marsupial is born very early in it development and it completes ints embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch.
Marsupials
One group of Anthropoids, the ________, consists of primates informally called apes. This group includes: gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans.
Hominoids
The human and _________ genomes are 99% identical.
chimpanzee
Derived Character of ___________:
-upright posture and bipedal locomotion
-larger brains that other hominoids
-les prominent brow and more slender body than other hominoids
-language capabilities and symbolic thought
-the manufacture and use of complex tools
-shortened jaw
-shorter digestive tract
-originated from Africa
Humans
3) Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?
A) cells
that have mitochondria
B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin
C) nervous conduction and muscular movement
D)
heterotrophy
E) Two of these responses are correct.
Answer: C
11) Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime
example of
A) mass extinction.
B) evolutionary stasis.
C) adaptive radiation.
D) All three of the responses are
correct.
E) Only two of the responses are correct.
Answer: C
At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish
a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?
A)
fertilization
B) cleavage
C) gastrulation
D) coelom
formation
E) metamorphosis
Answer: C
19) At which developmental stage should one be able to first
distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo?
A)
fertilization
B) cleavage
C) gastrulation
D) coelom
formation
E) metamorphosis
Answer: B
20) What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate
animal is that coelomates
A) have a body cavity, whereas
pseudocoelomates have a solid body.
B) contain tissues derived
from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue.
C)
have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas
pseudocoelomates do not.
D) have a complete digestive system
with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract
with only one opening.
E) have a gut that lacks suspension
within the body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have mesenteries that
hold the digestive system in place.
Answer: C
21) You have before you a living organism, which you examine
carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the
organism is acoelomate?
A) It is triploblastic.
B) It has
bilateral symmetry.
C) It possesses sensory structures at its
anterior end.
D) Muscular activity of its digestive system
distorts the body wall.
Answer: D
The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during
A) fertilization.
B) gastrulation.
C) the eight-cell
stage of the embryo.
D) coelom formation.
E) cleavage.
Answer: B
Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?
A) spiral
and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth
B) spiral
and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth
C) spiral and
determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus
D) radial and
determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus
E) radial and
determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth
Answer: B
Which of the following characteristics generally applies to
protostome development?
A) radial cleavage
B) determinate
cleavage
C) diploblastic embryo
D) blastopore becomes the
anus
E) archenteron absent
Answer: B
Protostome characteristics generally include which of the following?
A) a mouth that develops secondarily, and far away from the
blastopore
B) radial body symmetry
C) radial cleavage
D) determinate cleavage
E) absence of a body cavity
Answer: D
Among the characteristics unique to animals is
A) gastrulation.
B) multicellularity.
C) sexual reproduction.
D)
flagellated sperm.
E) heterotrophic nutrition.
Answer: A
The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based
mainly on the absence versus the presence of
A) a body cavity.
B) a complete digestive tract.
C) a circulatory system.
D) true tissues.
E) mesoderm.
Answer: D
Acoelomates are characterized by
A) the absence of a brain.
B) the absence of mesoderm.
C) deuterostome development.
D) a coelom that is not completely lined with mesoderm.
E)
a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs.
Answer: E
The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria occur only as
polyps?
A) Hydrozoa
B) Scyphozoa
C) Anthozoa
D) Cubozoa
Answer: C
Which clade in the phylum Cnidaria includes "jellies" with
rounded (as opposed to boxlike) medusae?
A) Hydrozoa
B)
Scyphozoa
C) Anthozoa
D) Cubozoa
Answer: B