Campbell Biology: Exam 1 Review Flashcards

(Conditions of early earth)

Earth’s early atmosphere likely contained _____ ______ and ________ released by volcanic eruptions (nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey experiment results:

(4 hypothetical steps leading to the origin of life)

1. Abiotic synthesis of small ________ ________.

(4 hypothetical steps leading to the origin of life)

2. joining of these small molecules into _____________.

(4 hypothetical steps leading to the origin of life)

3. Packaging of molecules into ________.

(4 hypothetical steps leading to the origin of life)

4. origin of ______-______ _______.

________ may have been fluid filled vesicles with a membrane-like structure.

would have been vesicles with RNA capable of replication.

________ endosymbiosis occurs when the product of primary endosymbiosis is itself engulfed and retained by another free living eukaryote.

this went on between red and green algae during eukaryotic evolution.

________ endosymbiosis involves the engulfment of a bacterium by another free living organism.

a method for determining the absolute age of rocks and fossils, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes.

__________ is the ordered division and naming of organisms.

an approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent.

the discipline of __________ classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships.

________ is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.

__________ __________ is a system of taxonomy based on resemblances published by Carolus Linnaeus.

Two key features of his system: two-part names for species and hierarchical classification.

the two-part name of a species is called a _______.

the first part of the binomial name is the _______.

the second part of the binomial name, called the _______ _______, is unique for each species within the genus.

Rules for organism naming:

The first letter of the genus is _________.

Rules for organism naming:

the entire species name is ________.

Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching __________ ______. it represents a hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.

Each ______ _____ in a phylogenetic tree, represent the divergence of two species.

_________ is a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.

_________ is a branching diagram that is assumed to be an estimate of a phylogeny. The branch lengths are proportional to the amount of inferred evolutionary change.

a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called a _______.

Hierarchical Classification:

#1?

Hierarchical Classification

#2?

Hierarchical Classification

#3?

Hierarchical Classification

#4?

Hierarchical Classification

#5?

Hierarchical Classification

#6?

Hierarchical Classification

#7?

Hierarchical Classification

#8?

__________ homologies are structures derived from a common ancestral structure (that may or may not be used for the same function in the species in which it occurs).

_________ is similarity due to shared ancestry.

_______ is similarity due to convergent evolution.

_________ structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently are also called homoplasies.

_________ ________ uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships.

an _______ is a species or group of species that is closely to the ingroup.

the _______ are the various species that are being studied that an outgroup would be closely related to.

________ _____ are groups that share an immediate common ancestor.

__________ group consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants.

________ group consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants.

_________ group consists of various species that lack a common ancestor.

a shared ________ feature is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.

a shared ________ feature is a characteristic that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.

_______ ________ is a method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates.

_______ _______ is the division of Earth's history into time periods, grouped into three eons: Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic. and further subdivided into ears, periods, and epochs.

The elimination of a large number of species throughout Earth, the result of global environmental changes.

Gram _______ cell wall: describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan.

Gram ________ cell wall: Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan.

The three most common Prokaryotic shapes are: _______ (cocci), _____(bacilli), and _____.

__________ thrive almost everywhere, including places too acidic, salty, cold, or hot for most other organisms.

Prokaryotes are divided into two domains: ________ and ________.

An important feature of all Prokaryotic cells is their ___ ____, which maintains cell shape, provides physical protection, and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment.

The bacterial cell walls of Prokaryotes contain _________, a network of sugar polymers cross-liked by polypeptides.

(Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations of Prokaryotes)

________ obtain energy from light

(Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations of Prokaryotes)

________ obtain energy from chemicals

(Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations of Prokaryotes)

________ require CO₂ as a carbon source

(Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations of Prokaryotes)

________ require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds.

(Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O₂)

Obligate ______ require O₂ for cellular respiration.

(Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2)

Obligate ________ are poisoned by O₂ and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

(Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2)

________ anaerobes can survive with or without O₂.

(Prokaryotic Nitrogen Metabolism)

In ________ _______, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃).

(Prokaryotic Nitrogen Metabolism)

In some prokaryotic species, metabolic cooperation occurs in surface-coating colonies called _______.

Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by _____ ______ and can divide every 1-3 hours.

Many Prokaryotes form metabolically inactive ________, which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries.

Most of the Prokaryotic genome consists of a _________ chromosome.

Some Prokaryotic species of bacteria also have smaller rings of DNA called _______.

The typical Prokaryotic genome is a ring of DNA that is not surrounded by a membrane and that is located in a ________ region.

_________ cause disease even if the Prokaryotes that produce them are not present. They are proteins secreted by bacterial cells.

__________ are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down.

Prokaryotes are the principal agents in ________, the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment.

In _________, both symbiotic organisms benefit.

In ____________, one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way.

In __________, an organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host.

Parasites that cause disease are called ________.

Prokaryotes play a major role in the ________ of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of ecosystems.

Chemohetertrophic Prokaryotes function as _________, breaking down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products.

Prokaryotes can sometimes _________ the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth.

Prokaryotes can also "immobilize" or ________ the availability of nutrients.

In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation.

a short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells.

Protists exhibit more structural and functional _______ than any other group of eukaryotes.

________, the most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes, include:

Photoautotrophs

heterotrophs

mixotrophs

__________ protists contain chloroplasts.

__________ protists, absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles.

__________ protists combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.

_________ include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella.

_________ derive energy anaerobically, have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella, and are often parasites, for example, Giardia intestinalis- parasite of mammal intestinal tract.

_________ have flagella and undulating plasma membrane, include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that causes yeast infections.

_________ is a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites.

Also includes: kinetoplastids and euglenids.

__________ have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. They include free-living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, and joint terrestrial ecosystems.

_________ have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell.

Some data suggest that the clade __________ is monophyletic and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event. The proposed endosymbiont is a red alga. includes: alveolates and stramenopiles.

Members of the clade _________ have membrane-bounded sacs ( alveoli) just under the plasma membrane

includes: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates.

The clade _________ includes several groups of heterotrophs as well as certain groups of algae (autotrophs).

include: diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes

The most complex life cycles include an _________ of _________, the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms. In how the life cycles of all land plants alternate between two generation of multicellular organisms: gametophytes and sporophytes.

_________ include most amoeboid and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopodia but without a test.

The supergroup ________ includes animals, fungi, and some protists. This group includes two clades: the amoebozoans and the opisthokonts.

________ are amoeba that have lobe- or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia

a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell.

a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.

a short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. specialized in locomotion or moving fluid past the cell.

_________ structure share similar function.

_________ structure share common ancestry.

________ evolution: the evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages.

About 250 million years ago, these movements united all of earths landmass into a single large continent called ________.

During __________, Pangaea was split up into Laurasia and Gondwana.

Presently during ________, the continental tectonic plate are located where they are today.

Pangaea existed during ________.

Some fungi produce antibiotics that are effective in treating bacterial infections. The first antibiotic discovered was _______, made by the ascomycete cold Penicillium.

The mold Penicillium produces an antibiotic that ________ the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria.

Red algae are reddish, owing to a photosynthetic accessory pigment called ________, which masks the green of chlorophyll.

______ may be unicellular, colonial, or multi-cellular. And each cell in _______ must obtain its own nutrients from water for survival.

________ are only multi-cellular and possess vascular systems, which allow for the uptake and transport of water and nutrients.

________ ________ have: rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, peroxisome enzymes, structure of flagellated sperm, and formation of a phragmoplast.

There is abundant evidence that much of protist diversity has its origins in ___________, the process in which certain unicellular organisms engulf other cells, which become endosymbionts and ultimately organelles in the host cell.

The Cretaceous mass extinction that marks the period of dinosaur extinction 65.5 million years ago was between _________ and __________.