Campbell Biology: Exam 1 Review Flashcards
(Conditions of early earth)
Earth’s early atmosphere likely contained _____ ______ and ________ released by volcanic eruptions (nitrogen, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide
water vapor and chemicals
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey experiment results:
experiment showed that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules in a reducing atmosphere is possible.
(4 hypothetical steps leading to the origin of life)
1. Abiotic synthesis of small ________ ________.
organ molecules
(4 hypothetical steps leading to the origin of life)
2. joining of these small molecules into _____________.
macromolecules
(4 hypothetical steps leading to the origin of life)
3. Packaging of molecules into ________.
protocells
(4 hypothetical steps leading to the origin of life)
4. origin of ______-______ _______.
self-replicating molecules
________ may have been fluid filled vesicles with a membrane-like structure.
would have been vesicles with RNA capable of replication.
Protocells
________ endosymbiosis occurs when the product of primary endosymbiosis is itself engulfed and retained by another free living eukaryote.
this went on between red and green algae during eukaryotic evolution.
secondary endosymbiosis
________ endosymbiosis involves the engulfment of a bacterium by another free living organism.
primary endosymbiosis
a method for determining the absolute age of rocks and fossils, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes.
radiometric dating
__________ is the ordered division and naming of organisms.
Taxonomy
an approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent.
cladistic
the discipline of __________ classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships.
systematic
________ is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.
phylogeny
__________ __________ is a system of taxonomy based on resemblances published by Carolus Linnaeus.
Two key features of his system: two-part names for species and hierarchical classification.
binomial nomenclature
the two-part name of a species is called a _______.
binomial
the first part of the binomial name is the _______.
genus
the second part of the binomial name, called the _______ _______, is unique for each species within the genus.
second epithet
Rules for organism naming:
The first letter of the genus is _________.
capitalized
Rules for organism naming:
the entire species name is ________.
italicized
Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching __________ ______. it represents a hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.
phylogenetic trees
Each ______ _____ in a phylogenetic tree, represent the divergence of two species.
branch point
_________ is a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.
cladograms
_________ is a branching diagram that is assumed to be an estimate of a phylogeny. The branch lengths are proportional to the amount of inferred evolutionary change.
phylograms
a taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called a _______.
taxon
Hierarchical Classification:
#1?
Domain
Hierarchical Classification
#2?
Kingdom
Hierarchical Classification
#3?
Phylum
Hierarchical Classification
#4?
Class
Hierarchical Classification
#5?
Order
Hierarchical Classification
#6?
Family
Hierarchical Classification
#7?
Genus
Hierarchical Classification
#8?
Species

__________ homologies are structures derived from a common ancestral structure (that may or may not be used for the same function in the species in which it occurs).
Morphological homologies
_________ is similarity due to shared ancestry.
Homology
_______ is similarity due to convergent evolution.
Analogy
_________ structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently are also called homoplasies.
Analogous
_________ ________ uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships.
Molecular systematics
an _______ is a species or group of species that is closely to the ingroup.
outgroup
the _______ are the various species that are being studied that an outgroup would be closely related to.
ingroup
________ _____ are groups that share an immediate common ancestor.
Sister taxa
__________ group consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants.
Monophyletic group
________ group consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants.
Paraphyletic group
_________ group consists of various species that lack a common ancestor.
Polyphyletic group
a shared ________ feature is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.
shared derived features
a shared ________ feature is a characteristic that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.
shared ancestral features
_______ ________ is a method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates.
molecular clocks
_______ _______ is the division of Earth's history into time periods, grouped into three eons: Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic. and further subdivided into ears, periods, and epochs.
Geological record
The elimination of a large number of species throughout Earth, the result of global environmental changes.
Mass extinctions
Gram _______ cell wall: describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan.
Gram negative cell wall
Gram ________ cell wall: Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan.
Gram positive cell wall
The three most common Prokaryotic shapes are: _______ (cocci), _____(bacilli), and _____.
spheres , rods , spirals.
__________ thrive almost everywhere, including places too acidic, salty, cold, or hot for most other organisms.
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are divided into two domains: ________ and ________.
Bacteria, Archaea
An important feature of all Prokaryotic cells is their ___ ____, which maintains cell shape, provides physical protection, and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
cell wall
The bacterial cell walls of Prokaryotes contain _________, a network of sugar polymers cross-liked by polypeptides.
peptidoglycan
(Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations of Prokaryotes)
________ obtain energy from light
Phototrophs
(Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations of Prokaryotes)
________ obtain energy from chemicals
Chemotrophs
(Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations of Prokaryotes)
________ require CO2 as a carbon source
Autotrophs
(Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations of Prokaryotes)
________ require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds.
Heterotrophs
(Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2)
Obligate ______ require O2 for cellular respiration.
Obligate aerobes
(Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2)
Obligate ________ are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
Obligate anaerobes
(Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2)
________ anaerobes can survive with or without O2.
Facultative anaerobes
(Prokaryotic Nitrogen Metabolism)
In ________ _______, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3).
Nitrogen fixation
(Prokaryotic Nitrogen Metabolism)
In some prokaryotic species, metabolic cooperation occurs in surface-coating colonies called _______.
Biofilms
Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by _____ ______ and can divide every 1-3 hours.
Binary fission
Many Prokaryotes form metabolically inactive ________, which can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries.
Endospores
Most of the Prokaryotic genome consists of a _________ chromosome.
Circular chromosome
Some Prokaryotic species of bacteria also have smaller rings of DNA called _______.
Plasmids
The typical Prokaryotic genome is a ring of DNA that is not surrounded by a membrane and that is located in a ________ region.
Nucleoid region
_________ cause disease even if the Prokaryotes that produce them are not present. They are proteins secreted by bacterial cells.
Exotoxins
__________ are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down.
Endotoxins
Prokaryotes are the principal agents in ________, the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment.
Bioremediation
In _________, both symbiotic organisms benefit.
mutualism
In ____________, one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way.
commensalism
In __________, an organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host.
parasitism
Parasites that cause disease are called ________.
pathogens
Prokaryotes play a major role in the ________ of chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of ecosystems.
recycling
Chemohetertrophic Prokaryotes function as _________, breaking down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products.
decomposers
Prokaryotes can sometimes _________ the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for plant growth.
increase
Prokaryotes can also "immobilize" or ________ the availability of nutrients.
decrease
In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation.
Pili (pilus)
a short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells.
Fimbriae
Protists exhibit more structural and functional _______ than any other group of eukaryotes.
functional diversity
________, the most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes, include:
Photoautotrophs
heterotrophs
mixotrophs
Protists
__________ protists contain chloroplasts.
Photoautotrophs
__________ protists, absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles.
Heterotrophs
__________ protists combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.
Mixotrophs
_________ include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella.
Excavata
_________ derive energy anaerobically, have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella, and are often parasites, for example, Giardia intestinalis- parasite of mammal intestinal tract.
Diplomonads
_________ have flagella and undulating plasma membrane, include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that causes yeast infections.
Parabasalids
_________ is a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites.
Also includes: kinetoplastids and euglenids.
Euglenozoa
__________ have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. They include free-living consumers of bacteria in freshwater, marine, and joint terrestrial ecosystems.
Kinetoplastids
_________ have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell.
Euglenids
Some data suggest that the clade __________ is monophyletic and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event. The proposed endosymbiont is a red alga. includes: alveolates and stramenopiles.
Chromalveolata
Members of the clade _________ have membrane-bounded sacs ( alveoli) just under the plasma membrane
includes: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates.
Alveolata
The clade _________ includes several groups of heterotrophs as well as certain groups of algae (autotrophs).
include: diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes
Stramenopiles
The most complex life cycles include an _________ of _________, the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms. In how the life cycles of all land plants alternate between two generation of multicellular organisms: gametophytes and sporophytes.
Alternation of generations
_________ include most amoeboid and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopodia but without a test.
Cercozoans
The supergroup ________ includes animals, fungi, and some protists. This group includes two clades: the amoebozoans and the opisthokonts.
Unikonta
________ are amoeba that have lobe- or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia
Amoebozoans
a cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.
Pseudopodia
a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell.
Phagocytosis
a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion.
Flagella
a short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. specialized in locomotion or moving fluid past the cell.
cilia
_________ structure share similar function.
Analogous
_________ structure share common ancestry.
Homologous
________ evolution: the evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages.
Convergent evolution
About 250 million years ago, these movements united all of earths landmass into a single large continent called ________.
Pangaea
During __________, Pangaea was split up into Laurasia and Gondwana.
Mesozoic
Presently during ________, the continental tectonic plate are located where they are today.
Cenozoic
Pangaea existed during ________.
Paleozoic
Some fungi produce antibiotics that are effective in treating bacterial infections. The first antibiotic discovered was _______, made by the ascomycete cold Penicillium.
penicillin
The mold Penicillium produces an antibiotic that ________ the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria.
inhibits
Red algae are reddish, owing to a photosynthetic accessory pigment called ________, which masks the green of chlorophyll.
Phycoerythrin
______ may be unicellular, colonial, or multi-cellular. And each cell in _______ must obtain its own nutrients from water for survival.
Algae
________ are only multi-cellular and possess vascular systems, which allow for the uptake and transport of water and nutrients.
Plants
________ ________ have: rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, peroxisome enzymes, structure of flagellated sperm, and formation of a phragmoplast.
Land plants
There is abundant evidence that much of protist diversity has its origins in ___________, the process in which certain unicellular organisms engulf other cells, which become endosymbionts and ultimately organelles in the host cell.
endosymbiosis
The Cretaceous mass extinction that marks the period of dinosaur extinction 65.5 million years ago was between _________ and __________.
Mesozoic, Cenozoic