Biology Comprehensive Test Preparation Chapter 1-12 & 16-19 Flashcards

1. Which of the following is not a theme that unifies biology?
A) interaction with the environment
B) emergent properties
C) evolution
D) reductionism
E) structure and function

2. Which of these is a correct representation of the hierarchy of biological organization from least to most complex?
A) organelle of a stomach cell, digestive system, large intestine, small intestine, intestinal tissue, organism
B) organelle of an intestinal cell, digestive system, small intestine, large intestine, intestinal tissue, organism
C) molecule, intestinal cell organelle, intestinal cell, intestinal tissue, digestive system, organism
D) molecule, small intestine, large intestine, intestinal tissue, digestive system, organism
E) molecule, digestive system, digestive cell organelle, small intestine, large intestine, intestinal cell, organism

3. The dynamics of any ecosystem include the following major processes:
A) the flow of energy from sunlight to producers
B) the flow of energy from sunlight to producers and then to consumers
C) the recycling of chemical nutrients
D) the flow of energy to producers and the recycling of nutrients
E) the flow of energy from sunlight to producers and then to consumers, and the recycling of chemical nutrients.

4. Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of
A) a bioinformatic system.
B) positive feedback.
C) negative feedback.
D) feedback inhibition.
E) enzymatic catalysis.

5. Two species that belong to the same genus must also belong to the same
A) kingdom.
B) phylum.
C) class.
D) order.
E) all of the above

6. A controlled experiment is one in which
A) the experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate.
B) the experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data.
C) there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment.
D) there are at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables.
E) there is one group for which the scientist controls all variables.

7. Which of the following statements is false?
A) Atoms of the various elements differ in their number of subatomic particles.
B) All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons in their nuclei.
C) The neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom are almost identical in mass; each has a mass of about 1 dalton.
D) An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of the element.
E) Protons and electrons are electrically charged particles. Protons have one unit of negative charge, and electrons have one unit of positive charge.

8. Calcium has an atomic number of 20 and an atomic mass of 40. Therefore, a calcium atom must have
A) 20 protons.
B) 40 electrons.
C) 40 neutrons.
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

9. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the atoms described below?

Atom 1 Atom 2
31/15 P 32/15 P
A) They contain 31 and 32 electrons, respectively.
B) They are both phosphorus cations.
C) They are both phosphorus anions.
D) They are both isotopes of phosphorus.
E) They contain 31 and 32 protons, respectively.

10. Which drawing depicts the electron configuration of oxygen (16/8 O )?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

11. Which drawing depicts an atom that is inert or chemically unreactive?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

12. A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2) is formed when one atom of carbon (atomic number 6) is covalently bonded with two atoms of oxygen (atomic number 8). What is the total number of electrons that must be shared between the carbon atom and the oxygen atoms in order to complete the outer electron shell of all three atoms?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

13. What results from the chemical reaction illustrated in Figure 2.3?
A) a cation with a net charge of +1
B) a cation with a net charge of -1
C) an anion with a net charge of +1
D) an anion with a net charge of -1
E) A and D

14. A group of molecular biologists is trying to synthesize a new artificial compound to mimic the effects of a known hormone that influences sexual behavior. They have turned to you for advice. Which of the following compounds is most likely to mimic the effects of the hormone?
A) a compound with the same number of carbon atoms as the hormone
B) a compound with the same molecular mass (measured in daltons) as the hormone
C) a compound with the same three-dimensional shape as part of the hormone
D) a compound with the same number of orbital electrons as the hormone
E) a compound with the same number of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms as the hormone

15. The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?
A) a covalent bond
B) a hydrogen bond
C) an ionic bond
D) a hydrophilic bond
E) a hydrophobic bond

16. Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule is most likely
A) positively charged.
B) negatively charged.
C) without charge.
D) hydrophobic.
E) nonpolar.

17. How many molecules of glycerol (C3H8O3) would be present in 1 L of a 1 M glycerol solution?
A) 1
B) 14
C) 92
D) 1 × 10^7
E) 6.02 × 10^23

18. A given solution contains 0.0001(10^-4) moles of hydrogen ions [H+] per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution?
A) acidic: H+ acceptor
B) basic: H+ acceptor
C) acidic: H+ donor
D) basic: H+ donor
E) neutral

19. If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the
A) concentration of H+ is twice (2X) what it was at pH 5.
B) concentration of H+ is half (1/2) what it was at pH 5.
C) concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5.
D) concentration of OH- is one-hundredth (0.01X) what it was at pH 5.
E) concentration of H+ is 100 times greater and the concentration of OH- is one-hundredth what they were at pH 5.

20. One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid is a weak acid that dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). Thus,
H2CO3 ↔ HCO3- + H+
If the pH of the blood drops, one would expect:
A) a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of HCO3-.
B) the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH-) to increase.
C) the concentration of bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) to increase.
D) the HCO3- to act as a base and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3.
E) the HCO3- to act as an acid and remove excess H+ with the formation of H2CO3.

21. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in water, according to the equation CO2 + H2O → H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid. Respiring cells release CO2. What prediction can we make about the pH of blood as that blood first comes in contact with respiring cells?
A) Blood pH will decrease slightly.
B) Blood pH will increase slightly.
C) Blood pH will remain unchanged.
D) Blood pH will first increase, then decrease as CO2 combines with hemoglobin.
E) Blood pH will first decrease, then increase sharply as CO2 combines with hemoglobin.

22. How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 8

23. Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
A) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
B) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
C) They are hydrophilic.
D) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity.
E) They are lighter than water.

24. The two molecules shown in Figure 4.3 are best described as
A) enantiomers.
B) radioactive isotopes.
C) structural isomers.
D) nonisotopic isomers.
E) geometric isomers.

25. Three or four of the following illustrations depict different structural isomers of the organic compound with molecular formula C6H14. For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted. Which one, if any, is NOT a structural isomer of this compound?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E) Each of the illustrations in the other answer choices depicts a structural isomer of the compound with molecular formula C6H14.

26. A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?
A) It lacks an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid.
B) It should dissolve in water.
C) It should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent.
D) It won't form hydrogen bonds with water.
E) It is hydrophobic.

27. A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?
A) carboxyl
B) sulfhydryl
C) hydroxyl
D) amino
E) phosphate

28. Which molecule is an alcohol?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

29. Which molecule has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

30. Which molecule functions to transfer energy between organic molecules?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

31. Which molecule is a thiol?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

32. How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?
A) 12
B) 11
C) 10
D) 9
E) 8

33. The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
A) C18H36O18
B) C18H32O16
C) C6H10O5
D) C18H10O15
E) C3H6O3

34. All of the following statements concerning saturated fats are true except
A) They are more common in animals than in plants.
B) They have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids.
C) They generally solidify at room temperature.
D) They contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats having the same number of carbon atoms.
E) They are one of several factors that contribute to atherosclerosis.

35. All of the following contain amino acids except
A) hemoglobin.
B) cholesterol.
C) antibodies.
D) enzymes.
E) insulin.

36. Which bond is a peptide bond?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

37. The tertiary structure of a protein is the
A) bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds.
B) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain.
C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.
D) organization of a polypeptide chain into an α helix or β pleated sheet.
E) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.

38. The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is —CH2OH. The R group or side chain of the amino acid alanine is —CH3. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution?
A) Serine would be in the interior, and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
B) Alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
C) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior of the globular protein.
D) Both serine and alanine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
E) Both serine and alanine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein.

39. If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the other complementary strand would have the sequence
A) 5'TAACGT3'.
B) 3'TAACGT5'.
C) 5'UAACGU3'.
D) 3'UAACGU5'.
E) 5'UGCAAU3'.

40. When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they most likely would use
A) a light microscope.
B) a scanning electron microscope.
C) a transmission electronic microscope.
D) A and B
E) B and C

41. Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge?
A) ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria
B) chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles
C) nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts
D) vacuoles, ribosomes, nucleus
E) nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

42. Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?
A) the evolution of larger cells after the evolution of smaller cells
B) the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
C) the evolution of eukaryotes after the evolution of prokaryotes
D) the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function
E) the observation that longer cells usually have greater cell volume

43. Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
A) rough ER
B) lysosomes
C) plasmodesmata
D) Golgi vesicles
E) tight junctions

44. The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
A) rough ER
B) smooth ER
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Nuclear envelope
E) Transport vesicles

45. Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?
A) It only has two membrane layers.
B) Its structure is not derived from the ER.
C) It has too many vesicles.
D) It is not involved in protein synthesis.
E) It is not attached to the outer nuclear envelope.

46. Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements. This leads us to which of the following as a probable hypothesis?
A) Disruption of one of these types of structure should necessarily disrupt each of the others as well.
B) Loss of basal bodies should lead to loss of all cilia, flagella, and centrioles.
C) Motor proteins such as dynein must have evolved before any of these four kinds of structure.
D) Evolution of motility, of cells or of parts of cells, must have occurred only once.
E) Natural selection for motility must select for microtubular arrays in circular patterns.

47. Which of the following makes it necessary for animal cells, although they have no cell walls, to have intercellular junctions?
A) Cell membranes do not distinguish the types of ions and molecules passing through them.
B) Large molecules, especially proteins, do not readily get through one, much less two adjacent cell membranes.
C) Cell-to-cell communication requires physical attachment of one cell to another.
D) Maintenance of connective tissue shape requires cells to adhere to one another.
E) The relative shapelessness of animal cells requires a mechanism for keeping the cells aligned.

48. peripheral protein

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

49. glycolipid

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.4 M glucose and 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution containing 0.8 M glucose and 0.4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same.

50. At the beginning of the experiment,
A) side A is hypertonic to side B.
B) side A is hypotonic to side B.
C) side A is isotonic to side B.
D) side A is hypertonic to side B with respect to glucose.
E) side A is hypotonic to side B with respect to sodium chloride.

The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.4 M glucose and 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution containing 0.8 M glucose and 0.4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same.

51. If you examine side A after 3 days, you should find
A) a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level.
B) a decrease in the concentration of NaCl, an increase in water level, and no change in the concentration of glucose.
C) no net change in the system.
D) a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level.
E) no change in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level.

52. Which of the following membrane activities require energy from ATP hydrolysis?
A) facilitated diffusion.
B) movement of water into a cell
C) Na+ ions moving out of the cell
D) movement of glucose molecules
E) movement of water into a paramecium

53. Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways?
A) They do not depend on enzymes.
B) They are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions.
C) They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
D) They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers.

54. Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the
A) free energy of the system.
B) free energy of the universe.
C) entropy of the system.
D) entropy of the universe.
E) enthalpy of the universe.

55. Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?
A) a boy mowing grass
B) water rushing over Niagara Falls
C) a firefly using light flashes to attract a mate
D) a food molecule made up of energy-rich macromolecules
E) an insect foraging for food

56. Which of the following shows the correct changes in thermodynamic properties for a chemical reaction in which amino acids are linked to form a protein?
A) +△H, +△S, +△G
B) +△H, -△S, -△G
C) +△H, -△S, +△G
D) -△H, -△S, +△G
E) -△H, +△S, +△G

57. What term is used to describe the transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways?
A) feedback regulation
B) bioenergetics
C) energy coupling
D) entropy
E) cooperativity

58. When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What purpose does this serve (if any) in the cell?
A) It is released as an excretory waste.
B) It can only be used to regenerate more ATP.
C) It can be added to water and excreted as a liquid.
D) It can be added to other molecules in order to activate them.
E) It can enter the nucleus to affect gene expression.

59. A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decompose to form a solution of simple sugars because
A) the starch solution has less free energy than the sugar solution.
B) the hydrolysis of starch to sugar is endergonic.
C) the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted.
D) starch cannot be hydrolyzed in the presence of so much water.
E) starch hydrolysis is nonspontaneous.

60. Which curve represents the behavior of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?
A) curve 1
B) curve 2
C) curve 3
D) curve 4
E) curve 5

61. When you have a severe fever, what may be a grave consequence if this is not controlled?
A) destruction of your enzymes' primary structure
B) removal of amine groups from your proteins
C) change in the folding of enzymes
D) removal of the amino acids in active sites
E) binding of enzymes to inappropriate substrates

62. An important group of peripheral membrane proteins are enzymes, such as the phospholipases that attack the head groups of phospholipids leading to the degradation of damaged membranes. What properties must these enzymes exhibit?
A) resistance to degradation
B) independence from cofactor interaction
C) water solubility
D) lipid solubility
E) membrane spanning domains

63. When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?
A) Energy is released.
B) Energy is consumed.
C) The more electronegative atom is reduced.
D) The more electronegative atom is oxidized.
E) A and C are correct.

64. Which of the following statements describes NAD+?
A) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
B) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH.
C) NAD+ is reduced by the action of hydrogenases.
D) NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation.
E) In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can still function.

65. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

66. Which step involves an endergonic reaction?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

67. In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate
A) 2 molecules of ATP are used and 2 molecules of ATP are produced.
B) 2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.
C) 4 molecules of ATP are used and 2 molecules of ATP are produced.
D) 2 molecules of ATP are used and 6 molecules of ATP are produced.
E) 6 molecules of ATP are used and 6 molecules of ATP are produced.

68. Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 11
D) 12
E) 24

69. How many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) would be produced by five turns of the citric acid cycle?
A) 2
B) 5
C) 10
D) 12
E) 60

70. During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
A) food → citric acid cycle → ATP → NAD+
B) food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen
C) glucose → pyruvate → ATP → oxygen
D) glucose → ATP → electron transport chain → NADH
E) food → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → NADH → ATP

71. During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?
A) NAD+
B) NADH
C) ATP
D) ADP + Pi
E) FADH2

72. Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
A) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
B) the citric acid cycle
C) oxidative phosphorylation
D) glycolysis
E) chemiosmosis

73. Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur?
A) in photosynthetic cells in the light, while photosynthesis occurs concurrently
B) in non-photosynthesizing cells only
C) in cells that are storing glucose only
D) in photosynthesizing cells in dark periods and in other tissues all the time
E) in photosynthesizing cells in the light and in other tissues in the dark

74. Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
A) CO2 and glucose
B) H2O and O2
C) ADP, Pi, and NADP+
D) electrons and H+
E) ATP and NADPH

75. When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following?
A) reducing NADP+
B) splitting the water molecules
C) chemiosmosis
D) the electron transfer system of photosystem I
E) the electron transfer system of photosystem II

76. Figure 10.1 shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they different?
A) Green and yellow wavelengths inhibit the absorption of red and blue wavelengths.
B) Bright sunlight destroys photosynthetic pigments.
C) Oxygen given off during photosynthesis interferes with the absorption of light.
D) Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.
E) Aerobic bacteria take up oxygen which changes the measurement of the rate of photosynthesis.

77. Compared with the lines for chlorophyll a in the figure, where would you expect to find the lines to differ for chlorophyll b?
A) The absorption spectrum line would be lowest for chlorophyll b somewhat to the right of that for chlorophyll a (500—600).
B) The rate of photosynthesis line for chlorophyll b would be lowest from 600—700 nm.
C) The lines for the two types of chlorophyll would be almost completely opposite.
D) The lines for the two types of chlorophyll would be almost completely identical.
E) The peaks of the line for absorbance of b would be shifted to the left, and for rate of photosynthesis would be shifted to the right.

78. What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon?
A) They have a direct, linear relationship.
B) They are inversely related.
C) They are logarithmically related.
D) They are separate phenomena.
E) They are only related in certain parts of the spectrum.

79. The sugar that results from three "turns" of the Calvin cycle is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Which of the following is a consequence of this?
A) Formation of a molecule of glucose would require 9 "turns."
B) G3P more readily forms sucrose and other disaccharides than it does monosaccharides.
C) Some plants would not taste sweet to us.
D) The formation of starch in plants involves assembling many G3P molecules, with or without further rearrangements.
E) G3P is easier for a plant to store.

80. If ATP used by this plant is labeled with radioactive phosphorus, in which molecules will the radioactivity be measurable after one "turn" of the cycle?
A) in B only
B) in B and C only
C) in B, C, and D only
D) in B and E only
E) in B, C, D, and E

81. Which molecule(s) of the Calvin cycle is/are most like molecules found in glycolysis?
A) A, B, C, and E
B) B, C, and E
C) A only
D) C and D only
E) E only

82. In an experiment studying photosynthesis performed during the day, you provide a plant with radioactive carbon (14C) dioxide as a metabolic tracer. The 14C is incorporated first into oxaloacetate. The plant is best characterized as a
A) C4 plant.
B) C3 plant.
C) CAM plant.
D) heterotroph.
E) chemoautotroph.

83. Synaptic signaling between adjacent neurons is like hormone signaling in which of the following ways?
A) It sends its signal molecules through the blood.
B) It sends its signal molecules quite a distance.
C) It requires calcium ions.
D) It requires binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor.
E) It persists over a long period.

84. What would be true for the signaling system in an animal cell that lacks the ability to produce GTP?
A) It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
B) It could activate only the epinephrine system.
C) It would be able to carry out reception and transduction, but would not be able to respond to a signal.
D) Only A and C are true.
E) A, B, and C are true.

85. Which is true of transcription factors?
A) They regulate the synthesis of DNA in response to a signal.
B) Some transcribe ATP into cAMP.
C) They initiate the epinephrine response in animal cells.
D) They control which genes are expressed.
E) They are needed to regulate the synthesis of lipids in the cytoplasm.

86. The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is
A) phosphorylase.
B) phosphatase.
C) protein kinase.
D) ATPase.
E) protease.

87. Which of the following is a correct association?
A) kinase activity and the addition of a tyrosine
B) phosphodiesterase activity and the removal of phosphate groups
C) GTPase activity and hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
D) phosphorylase activity and the catabolism of glucose
E) adenylyl cyclase activity and the conversion of cAMP to AMP

88. At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogens and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects?
A) Estrogen is produced in very large concentration and therefore diffuses widely.
B) Estrogen has specific receptors inside several cell types, but each cell responds in the same way to its binding.
C) Estrogen is kept away from the surface of any cells not able to bind it at the surface.
D) Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each of which have different responses to its binding.
E) Estrogen has different shaped receptors for each of several cell types.

89. If an adult person has a faulty version of the human-analog to ced-4 of the nematode, which of the following might more likely result?
A) neurodegeneration
B) activation of a developmental pathway found in the worm but not in humans
C) a form of cancer in which there is insufficient apoptosis
D) webbing of fingers or toes
E) excess skin exfoliation

90. Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells?
A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64

91. How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle?
A) The daughter cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and half the amount of DNA.
B) The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.
C) The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.
D) The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA.
E) The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA.

The lettered circle in Figure 12.1 shows a diploid nucleus with four chromosomes. There are two pairs of homologous chromosomes, one long and the other short. One haploid set is symbolized as black and the other haploid set is gray. The chromosomes in the unlettered circle have not yet replicated. Choose the correct chromosomal conditions for the following stages.

92. What is the first stage of mitosis, in which centrosomes are in opposite poles of the cell?
A) telophase
B) anaphase
C) prometaphase
D) metaphase
E) prophase

93. Which term describes centromeres uncoupling, sister chromatids separating, and the two new chromosomes moving to opposite poles of the cell?
A) telophase
B) anaphase
C) prometaphase
D) metaphase
E) prophase

94. A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at its completion, produce two nuclei each containing how many chromosomes?
A) 12
B) 16
C) 23
D) 46
E) 92

95. If there are 20 centromeres in a cell at anaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 80

96. A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 8 picograms of DNA per nucleus. Those cells would have __________ picograms at the end of the S phase and __________ picograms at the end of G2.
A) 8; 8
B) 8; 16
C) 16; 8
D) 16; 16
E) 12; 16

97. Which of the following triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis?
A) PDGF
B) MPF
C) protein kinase
D) cyclin
E) Cdk

98. In the figure above, mitosis is represented by which number?
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V

99. Which number represents DNA synthesis?
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V

100. A particular cyclin called cyclin E forms a complex with a cyclin-dependent kinase called Cdk 2. This complex is important for the progression of the cell from G1 into the S phase of the cell cycle. Which of the following statements is correct?
A) The amount of cyclin E is greatest during the S phase.
B) The amount of Cdk 2 is greater during G1 compared to the S phase.
C) The amount of cyclin E is highest during G1.
D) The amount of Cdk 2 is greatest during G1.
E) The activity of the cyclin E/Cdk 2 complex is highest during G2.

101. Besides the ability of some cancer cells to overproliferate, what else could logically result in a tumor?
A) metastasis
B) changes in the order of cell cycle stages
C) lack of appropriate cell death
D) inability to form spindles
E) inability of chromosomes to meet at the metaphase plate

102. Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine?
A) 12
B) 24
C) 31
D) 38
E) It cannot be determined from the information provided.

103. In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following will be found?
A) A = C
B) A = G and C = T
C) A + C = G + T
D) G + C = T + A

104. What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
A) The twisting nature of DNA creates nonparallel strands.
B) The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.
C) Base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands.
D) One strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged.
E) One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidines.

105. Eukaryotic telomeres replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome. This is a consequence of which of the following?
A) The evolution of telomerase enzyme
B) DNA polymerase that cannot replicate the leading strand template to its 5' end
C) Gaps left at the 5' end of the lagging strand because of the need for a 3' onto which nucleotides can attach
D) Gaps left at the 3' end of the lagging strand because of the need for a primer
E) The "no ends" of a circular chromosome

106. At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork:
3' C C T A G G C T G C A A T C C 5'
An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the following represents the primer sequence?
A) 5' G C C T A G G 3'
B) 3' G C C T A G G 5'
C) 5' A C G T T A G G 3'
D) 5' A C G U U A G G 3'
E) 5' G C C U A G G 3'

107. What is the function of DNA polymerase III?
A) to unwind the DNA helix during replication
B) to seal together the broken ends of DNA strands
C) to add nucleotides to the end of a growing DNA strand
D) to degrade damaged DNA molecules
E) to rejoin the two DNA strands (one new and one old) after replication

108. Which of the following removes the RNA nucleotides from the primer and adds equivalent DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of Okazaki fragments?
A) helicase
B) DNA polymerase III
C) ligase
D) DNA polymerase I
E) primase

109. A new DNA strand elongates only in the 5' to 3' direction because
A) DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides at the 5' end of the template.
B) Okazaki fragments prevent elongation in the 3' to 5' direction.
C) the polarity of the DNA molecule prevents addition of nucleotides at the 3' end.
D) replication must progress toward the replication fork.
E) DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the free 3' end.

110. When DNA is compacted by histones into 10 nm and 30 nm fibers, the DNA is unable to interact with proteins required for gene expression. Therefore, to allow for these proteins to act, the chromatin must constantly alter its structure. Which processes contribute to this dynamic activity?
A) DNA supercoiling at or around H1
B) methylation and phosphorylation of histone tails
C) hydrolysis of DNA molecules where they are wrapped around the nucleosome core
D) accessibility of heterochromatin to phosphorylating enzymes
E) nucleotide excision and reconstruction

111. If a cell were unable to produce histone proteins, which of the following would be a likely effect?
A) There would be an increase in the amount of "satellite" DNA produced during centrifugation.
B) The cell's DNA couldn't be packed into its nucleus.
C) Spindle fibers would not form during prophase.
D) Amplification of other genes would compensate for the lack of histones.
E) Pseudogenes would be transcribed to compensate for the decreased protein in the cell.

112. Which of the following represents the order of increasingly higher levels of organization of chromatin?
A) nucleosome, 30-nm chromatin fiber, looped domain
B) looped domain, 30-nm chromatin fiber, nucleosome
C) looped domain, nucleosome, 30-nm chromatin fiber
D) nucleosome, looped domain, 30-nm chromatin fiber
E) 30-nm chromatin fiber, nucleosome, looped domain

113. The enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase randomly assembles nucleotides into a polynucleotide polymer. You add polynucleotide phosphorylase to a solution of adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate. How many artificial mRNA 3 nucleotide codons would be possible?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) 64

114. A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
A) 3' UCA 5'.
B) 3' UGA 5'.
C) 5' TCA 3'.
D) 3'ACU 5'.
E) either UCA or TCA, depending on wobble in the first base.

115. A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be
A) 5' TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG 3'.
B) 3' AAC-GAC-GUC-AUA 5'.
C) 5' AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT 3'.
D) 3' AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA 5'.
E) 3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'.

116. A peptide has the sequence NH2-phe-pro-lys-gly-phe-pro-COOH. Which of the following sequences in the coding strand of the DNA could code for this peptide?
A) 3' UUU-CCC-AAA-GGG-UUU-CCC
B) 3' AUG-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG
C) 5' TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC
D) 5' GGG-AAA-TTT-AAA-CCC-ACT-GGG
E) 5' ACT-TAC-CAT-AAA-CAT-TAC-UGA

117. What is the sequence of a peptide based on the following mRNA sequence?
5' . . . UUUUCUUAUUGUCUU 3'
A) leu-cys-tyr-ser-phe
B) cyc-phe-tyr-cys-leu
C) phe-leu-ile-met-val
D) leu-pro-asp-lys-gly
E) phe-ser-tyr-cys-leu

118. In which of the following actions does RNA polymerase differ from DNA polymerase?
A) RNA polymerase uses RNA as a template, and DNA polymerase uses a DNA template.
B) RNA polymerase binds to single-stranded DNA, and DNA polymerase binds to double-stranded DNA.
C) RNA polymerase is much more accurate than DNA polymerase.
D) RNA polymerase can initiate RNA synthesis, but DNA polymerase requires a primer to initiate DNA synthesis.
E) RNA polymerase does not need to separate the two strands of DNA in order to synthesize an RNA copy, whereas DNA polymerase must unwind the double helix before it can replicate the DNA.

119. Which of the following help(s) to stabilize mRNA by inhibiting its degradation?
A) TATA box
B) spliceosomes
C) 5' cap and poly (A) tail
D) introns
E) RNA polymerase

120. A mutation in which of the following parts of a gene is likely to be most damaging to a cell?
A) intron
B) exon
C) 5' UTR
D) 3' UTR
E) All would be equally damaging.

121. Alternative RNA splicing
A) is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription.
B) can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA.
C) can allow the production of similar proteins from different RNAs.
D) increases the rate of transcription.
E) is due to the presence or absence of particular snRNPs.

122. A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is
A) TTT.
B) UUA.
C) UUU.
D) AAA.
E) either UAA or TAA, depending on first base wobble.

123. A part of an mRNA molecule with the following sequence is being read by a ribosome: 5' CCG-ACG 3' (mRNA). The following charged transfer RNA molecules (with their anticodons shown in the 3' to 5' direction) are available. Two of them can correctly match the mRNA so that a dipeptide can form.

The dipeptide that will form will be
A) cysteine-alanine.
B) proline-threonine.
C) glycine-cysteine.
D) alanine-alanine.
E) threonine-glycine.

124. As a ribosome translocates along an mRNA molecule by one codon, which of the following occurs?
A) The tRNA that was in the A site moves into the P site.
B) The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the A site.
C) The tRNA that was in the A site moves to the E site and is released.
D) The tRNA that was in the A site departs from the ribosome via a tunnel.
E) The polypeptide enters the E site.

125. Each of the following options is a modification of the sentence THECATATETHERAT. Which of the following is analogous to a frameshift mutation?
A) THERATATETHECAT
B) THETACATETHERAT
C) THECATARETHERAT
D) THECATATTHERAT
E) CATATETHERAT

126. Which of the following DNA mutations is the most likely to be damaging to the protein it specifies?
A) a base-pair deletion
B) a codon substitution
C) a substitution in the last base of a codon
D) a codon deletion
E) a point mutation

127. The role of a metabolite that controls a repressible operon is to
A) bind to the promoter region and decrease the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter.
B) bind to the operator region and block the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter.
C) increase the production of inactive repressor proteins.
D) bind to the repressor protein and inactivate it.
E) bind to the repressor protein and activate it.

128. When this is taken up by the cell, it binds to the repressor so that the repressor no longer binds to the operator:
A) operon
B) inducer
C) promoter
D) repressor
E) corepressor

129. Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to
A) having different genes.
B) having different chromosomes.
C) using different genetic codes.
D) having different genes expressed.
E) having unique ribosomes.

130. Genomic imprinting, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation are all examples of
A) genetic mutation.
B) chromosomal rearrangements.
C) karyotypes.
D) epigenetic phenomena.
E) translocation.

131. Eukaryotic cells can control gene expression by which of the following mechanisms?
A) histone acetylation of nucleosomes
B) DNA acetylation
C) RNA induced modification of chromatin structure
D) repression of operons
E) induction of operators in the promoter

132. A researcher found a method she could use to manipulate and quantify phosphorylation and methylation in embryonic cells in culture. In one set of experiments using this procedure in Drosophila, she was readily successful in increasing phosphorylation of amino acids adjacent to methylated amino acids in histone tails. Which of the following results would she most likely see?
A) increased chromatin condensation
B) decreased chromatin concentration
C) abnormalities of mouse embryos
D) decreased binding of transcription factors
E) inactivation of the selected genes

133. Which of the following describes the function of an enzyme known as Dicer?
A) It degrades single-stranded DNA.
B) It degrades single-stranded mRNA.
C) It degrades mRNA with no poly(A) tail.
D) It trims small double-stranded RNAs into molecules that can block translation.
E) It chops up single-stranded DNAs from infecting viruses.

134. The researcher measures the concentration of the polypeptides from different regions in the early embryo and finds the following pattern (darker shading = greater concentration):

Which of the following would be his most logical assumption?
A) The substance has moved quickly from region 5 to region 1.
B) Some other material in the embryo is causing accumulation in region 1 due to differential binding.
C) The cytosol is in constant movement, dispersing the polypeptide.
D) The substance is produced in region 1 and diffuses toward region 5.
E) The substance must have entered the embryo from the environment near region 1.

135. In most cases, differentiation is controlled at which level?
A) replication of the DNA
B) nucleosome formation
C) transcription
D) translation
E) post-translational activation of the proteins

136. Your brother has just purchased a new plastic model airplane. He places all the parts on the table in approximately the positions in which they will be located when the model is complete. His actions are analogous to which process in development?
A) morphogenesis
B) determination
C) induction
D) differentiation
E) pattern formation

137. If a Drosophila female has a homozygous mutation for a maternal effect gene,
A) she will not develop past the early embryonic stage.
B) all of her offspring will show the mutant phenotype, regardless of their genotype.
C) only her male offspring will show the mutant phenotype.
D) her offspring will show the mutant phenotype only if they are also homozygous for the mutation.
E) only her female offspring will show the mutant phenotype.

138. Tumor suppressor genes
A) are frequently overexpressed in cancerous cells.
B) are cancer-causing genes introduced into cells by viruses.
C) can encode proteins that promote DNA repair or cell-cell adhesion.
D) often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle.
E) all of the above

139. The cancer-causing forms of the Ras protein are involved in which of the following processes?
A) relaying a signal from a growth factor receptor
B) DNA replication
C) DNA repair
D) cell-cell adhesion
E) cell division

140. Viral genomes vary greatly in size and may include from four genes to several hundred genes. Which of the following viral features is most apt to correlate with the size of the genome?
A) size of the viral capsomeres
B) RNA versus DNA genome
C) double versus single strand genomes
D) size and shape of the capsid
E) glycoproteins of the envelope

141. Most human-infecting viruses are maintained in the human population only. However, a zoonosis is a disease that is transmitted from other vertebrates to humans, at least sporadically, without requiring viral mutation. Which of the following is the best example of a zoonosis?
A) rabies
B) herpesvirus
C) smallpox
D) HIV
E) hepatitis virus

142. In many ways, the regulation of the genes of a particular group of viruses will be similar to the regulation of the host genes. Therefore, which of the following would you expect of the genes of the bacteriophage?
A) regulation via acetylation of histones
B) positive control mechanisms rather than negative
C) control of more than one gene in an operon
D) reliance on transcription activators
E) utilization of eukaryotic polymerases

143. Why do RNA viruses appear to have higher rates of mutation?
A) RNA nucleotides are more unstable than DNA nucleotides.
B) Replication of their genomes does not involve the proofreading steps of DNA replication.
C) RNA viruses replicate faster.
D) RNA viruses can incorporate a variety of nonstandard bases.
E) RNA viruses are more sensitive to mutagens.

144. Which of the following can be effective in preventing viral infection in humans?
A) getting vaccinated
B) taking nucleoside analogs that inhibit transcription
C) taking antibiotics
D) applying antiseptics
E) taking vitamins

145. Antiviral drugs that have become useful are usually associated with which of the following properties?
A) ability to remove all viruses from the infected host
B) interference with the viral reproduction
C) prevention of the host from becoming infected
D) removal of viral proteins
E) removal of viral mRNAs