What causes addisons disease?

what causes acromegaly?

What causes Diabetes mellitus

What causes Pituitary dwarfism

What causes Graves' disease

What causes Cushing's disease

What causes Myxedema

What causes cretinism?

The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are _____

The hormones that regulate blood sugar levels are______ and _____.

The _________ are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin

The _________ are the pancreatic islet cells that produce glucagon

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of ________.

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the ________.

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.

Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________.

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

Thyroid hormone enters target cells in a manner similar to ________ .

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________.

Leptin is secreted by ________.

What is the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?

Hormone that stimulates production of RBCs is _____.

1. The hormone regulating electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is____

2. Name hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis:

1. Name the steroid-based hormones

2. Name the categories of endocrine gland stimuli

Know structural and functional characteristics of WBCs

What are Eicosanoids, give examples

Understand structural and functional characteristics of hypophysis

1. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

2. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

1. The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.

2. Normal development of the immune response is due to hormones produced by_____.

1. LH is also referred to as a _______.

2. The presence of an exophthalmic goiter is associated with ______.

1. ADH secretion will increase when blood pressure______.

2. The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is _______

What characteristics are associated with hyposecretion of thyroid hormones?

Know the functions of the following hormones
a. calcitonin
b. TSH
c. ACTH
d. prolactin
e. thymosin

Describe the following blood disorders
a. Leukemia
b. Anemia
c. Polycythemia all types
d. Embolism
e. Erythrocytosis

1. Know the chemical components of the Hemoglobin molecule

2. Know the functions of blood

1. Name the organs regulating RBC production

1. The parent cell for all formed elements of blood is _____.

2. The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called____.

1. How would an increased in amount of heparin affect blood clothing?

2. What is the purpose of RhoGam injections?

1. In what situations might Rh incompatibility develop?

2. Know all different types of capillaries

1. Know all different types of arteries and give example of location which they serve

2. Know the conditions which can be expected with polycythemia

Explain why the erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude.

1. Know the correct developmental sequence of an RBC

2. Natural anticoagulant found in basophils is______.

1. The immediate response to blood vessel injury is ________.

2. Know the regulatory functions of blood

1. Know the protective functions of blood

2. Blood volume restorers include

1. A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________anemia.

2. Leukocytes are different from RBCs in that they have ___________.

1. Which organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

2. The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________.

1. Which blood type is called the universal donor?

2. Normal range of hemoglobin ________.

1. Name the normal plasma proteins

2. Thromboembolic disorders are characterize by ________.

1. Know the location of followings: Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

2. Know the followings: Purkinje fibers, AV bundle, SA node, AV node

1. Know the function and location for the followings; Pulmonary valves, Aortic valve, Mitral valve, and Tricuspid valve

2. Normal heart sounds are caused by __________.

1. The semilunar valves are (open /close) when ventricles are in diastole.

2. Explain why the left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall?

1. Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block.

2. The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________.
3. The _____ carry blood to capillaries in the myocardium.
4. Length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells is longer than the same skeletal muscle cells to ________.

1. What happens to the heart rate if the vagal nerves to the heart were cut?

2. Which blood vessels receive blood during ventricular systole?

3. Isovolumetric contraction refers to the short period of time during which ventricles are ________.

4. Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is (higher/lower) than in the systemic circulation.

1. The three main factors influencing blood pressure are

2. The chemicals which help regulate blood pressure are

3. Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?

4. Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________.

1. The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ____.

2. The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________.

3. This process provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure

4. Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?

1. The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________.

2. Modified capillaries of liver that are lined with phagocytes are called ________.

3. Factors that aid venous return include

4. A thrombus in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________.

1. The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to________.

2. Know the definition of the followings: Thoracic duct, Spleen, Lymph, Lymph nodes and Peyer's patches

3. The function of type II pneumocytes is to ________.

1. The patency of the trachea is due to ________.

2. Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

3. The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by _____law.

4. Dalton's law states____________.

1. Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

2. Tidal volume is air ________.

3. The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ____.

4. Respiratory control centers are located in the ________ and _______.

110. The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
111. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
112. How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
113. Know the gross anatomy of both lungs

1. Know role of the pleura

2. __________provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange.

3. The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

4. Factors that promote oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin include:

1. Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ______.

2. Know the composition of sodium, potassium, phosphate, bicarbonates, and protein for the following: interstitial fluid, blood plasma and intracellular fluid

1. The body’s water volume is closely tied to the level of _______ ions

2. The main physiological cause of Respiratory acidosis is ____________.

3. Name the three chemical buffer systems.

124. Know the pathogenic agent for the followings: Chlamydia, Genital warts, Syphilis, Genital herpes, Gonorrhea

125. Know the definition of the followings:
a. Capacitation
b. Fertilization
c. Implantation
d. Gastrulation
e. Cleavage

1. The embryonic stage lasts until the end of the ________week.

2. The embryo is directly enclosed in and protected by the __________.

3. In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the lungs is by way of the ___________.

4. It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg) until they undergo ________.

1. During the first trimester ________ produces Estrogen and Progesterone.

2. The two enzymes that act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate are ___________ and ________.

3. Name the embryonic germ layers.

4. The hormone which maintains the viability of the corpus luteum is _______.

134. The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.
135. The walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
136. Name the factors that help create the stomach mucosal barrier

1. The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.

2. This hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile.

3. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?

4. Pepsinogen is secreted by the ________.

1. Name the components of the renal corpuscle

2. The ____ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

3. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.

4. The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.

1. Name the components of The filtration membrane includes

2. The macula densa cells respond to ________.

3. The fluid in the Bowman's capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.

4. Why does Alcohol acts as a diuretic?

1. Name The functions of angiotensin II.
2. A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is _____
3. Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
a. major calyx
b. minor calyx
c. nephron
d. urethra
e. ureter
f. collecting duct

1. The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.

2. If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

1. Aldosterone regulated ______ and ______ in an antagonistic fashion.

2. The two organs that function as the most important physiological buffer systems are _____, _____

3. The three methods for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood are

1. Know the definition of the following
a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hypermagnesemia
c. Hypernatremia
d. Hypocalcemia
e. Hyponatremia