Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function: Chapter 24 Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

_____ excretion represents the major route of water loss

A buffer is any mechanism that resists changes in pH by

List the roles of calcium

Water output is significantly controlled through variations in

A person is in a state of fluid ____ when daily gains and losses are equal.

Rank the following routes of normal water loss from largest volume to smallest volume

The combination of water from food and drink is known as _____ water

Prolonged, heavy work ____ the respiratory loss to 650 mL/day and perspiration to 5 L/day; at the same time it ____ urine output by nearly two-thirds

Indicate which of the following statements is correct regarding the abundance of electrolytes in the ECF and ICF

The two main categories of acid-base imbalances are respiratory and

Cellular function requires a fluid medium with a carefully controlled composition. Select the three mechanisms by which the body maintains homeostatic balance

Indicate which of the following are examples of fluid sequestration

Name the most abundant cation of the intracellular fluid, which is the greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume

____ is the principal cation of the ECF; it accounts for 90% to 95% of the osmolarity of the ECF and therefore it is the most significant solute in determining total body water

The ____ of a solution is determined by its hydrogen ions

The most important buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer, which is a solution of ____ acid and bicaronate ions

Indicate which of the following regulate sodium homeostasis

Indicate which of the following are the functions of chloride ions

Indicate which of the following statements are true regarding fluid sequestration

The plasma concentration of chloride less than 95 mEq/L is called ______ and it is usually a side effect of hyponatremia

Name the condition in which plasma sodium concentration is less than 130 mEq/L

A ____ buffer is a system - namely, the respiratory or urinary system - that stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2

____ play a crucial role in governing the body's water distribution and total water content

A deficiency of CO2 is called

Indicate which of the following are examples of preformed water

List the components of transcellular fluid

Indicate four factors that can lead to volume depletion (hypovolemia), in which proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost

A blood pH below 7.35 is defined as a state of _____

The _____ can neutralize more acid or base than either the respiratory system or the chemical buffers

Prolonged exposure to _____ can dehydrate a person

Indicate which of the following is not an anion electrolyte

Imbalances of water can also cause

Most magnesium is found in intracellular fluid complexed with

Indicate which of the following are the two types of increase of fluid in the body

ADH release is inhibited when

Plasma concentrations of calcium less than 4.5 mEq/L are known as

True imbalances in ____ concentration are relatively rare because its excess or depletion is almost always accompanied by proportionate changes in water volume

Indicate which of the following are fast-acting stimuli that cause a short-term inhibition of thirst

Identify the "salt-retaining hormone"

List the tree major chemical buffer systems of the body

The condition called _____ is a dangerously high plasma potassium concentration greater than 5.5 mEq/L

Every process that depends on ATP depends on ____ ions

Calcium concentration is regulated chiefly by ______ hormone and calcitriol, and in children by calcitonin

In _____ transpiration, water diffuses through the epidermis and evaporates

The primary effects of aldosterone are that the urine contains ____ NaCl and ____ potassium and has a ____ pH