a specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a product

release energy by degrating complex molecules to simple

require energy to build things

the amount of energy in the universe is constant. Matter can't be created nor destroyed

every energy transfer increases entropy in the universe. Enthropy or randomness. Less organized

heat and evergy

cell releases free energy in a series of reactions

cell requires free energy by pumping in

release of energy

requirement of energy

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction

a catalyst. Ex: Hemoglobin

the initial investment of energy for a starting reaction

free energy at it's highest points which makes molecules more unstable for the reaction

enzyme changes shape to fit substrate

non-protein helpers for many enzymes. They bind perminately or reversibly to the enzyme. Ex: Copper, Zinc and Iron

Organic cofactors. Ex: Vitamins

reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites. Don't react with the enzyme

do not bind to the active site of the enzyme.

enzyme with quatenery structure

other site activator or inhibitor. There is a balance between the 2. Noncompetitive

stabilizes active form of enzyme (turns it on)

stabilizes inactive form of enzyme (turn off)

takes the inactive enzyme that binds with a substrate to make it active. Ex: Hemoglobin (it gives more oxygen to harder working muscles)

amino acid that binds to an enzyme to make an end product isoleucine (on switch)

amino acid that prevents threonine from binding to the enzyme (off switch)

the first enzyme that threonine binds to to start the reaction