Human Anatomy & Physiology: Anatomy & Physiology: Ch 3 Flashcards

spherical, membraneous organelles which contain activated digestive enzymes. If these enzymes are released into the cytoplasm, they cause the cell to self-digest

first subphase of interphase characterized by vigorous growth and metabolism

Final phase of mitosis.

1) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

2) Activity of an organism depends on both the individual and collective activities of its cells.

3) Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shapes and forms.

4) Continuity of life from one generation to another has a cellular basis.

intracellular fluid containing organelles

Second phase of mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle.

the third stage in mitosis or meiosis following metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell.

first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosome

Uracil

Osmosis and simple diffusion

a type of facilitated diffusion that involves the binding of a substrate to a carrier causing a change in the carrier. Carriers can change shape and assist big molecules through the cell wall.

principle site of ATP synthesis aka the "powerhouse of the cell"; contain DNA, RNA and ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Cell organelle that acts as a packaging warehouse for protein.

A membrane junction that acts as a spot weld anchoring cells together.

1) Integral, 2) Peripheral

1) gap junctions

2) desmosomes

3) tight junctions

Transmembrane proteins that form specific channels, or PORES, in a cell membrane that allow only water to move freely in single file diffusion through the wall.

1) Osmosis

2) Simple Diffusion

3) Carrier facilitated transport

4) Channel mediated transport

Tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration.

Cell requires ATP (metabolic energy) to move substances across the cell membrane

The tendency of water to move into the cell by osmosis.

Back pressure exerted by water against the membrane.

contain a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes

structural unit of all living things

a communicating junction between adjacent cells; present in electrically excitable tissues such as the heart and smooth muscle

thin linker protein filaments that extend from plaques and fit together like teeth of a zipper in the intercellular space

type of membrane junction that is a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together, forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell

1) Transport

2) Receptors for signal transduction

3) Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

4) Enzymatic Activity

5) Intercellular joining

6) Cell-cell communication

fuzzy, sticky carb rich area at cell surface; sugar covered proteins

20% of cell membrane surface; concentrating platforms for certain receptor molecules; dynamic assemblies of saturated phospholipids associated with unique lipids sphingolipids and lots of cholesterol.

cell membrane proteins that are NOT embedded in the lipid bilayer; include a network of filaments

cell membrane proteins that are firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer; most are transmembrane

make up the cytoskeleton and 50% of the cell membrane mass

20% of cell membrane lipids; has polar head and nonpolar tail; stabilizes the membrane

lipids with attached sugar groups that comprise 5% of the plasma membrane

likes water

lollipop shaped molecule with a polar head that is charged and hydrophilic; has a non polar tail made of 2 fatty acid chains that are hydrophobic

form fabric of the plasma membrane

1) phospholipids, 2) glycolipids, 3) cholesterol, 4) lipid rafts

doesn't like water

small cell structures that perform specific cell functions

cell division

endocytosis and transcytoisis

a small, cylindrical cell organelle, seen near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, that divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis, the new pair of centrioles moving ahead of the spindle to opposite poles of the cell as the cell divide

a cell organelle containing catalase, peroxidase, and other oxidative enzymes and performing essential metabolic functions, as the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide

exocytosis, endocytosis, transcytosis, and substance trafficking

Gases and Fats do this within a cell; when non-polar lipid soluble substances disperse directly through the phospholipid layer, requiring NO ATP (cell energy)

simple diffusion, carrier mediated facilitated diffusion, channel mediated facilitated diffusion, osmosis

comprised of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

outside is studded with ribosomes; area of protein synthesis within the cell

control center of the cell

Facilitated diffusion that involves channels that do not change shape. Good for water.

leaky and gated

the ability of a solution to make a cell shrink or swell

when a solution has the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol

a hitchhiking type of cellular transport that depends on an ion gradient created by a primary active transport; requires ATP but only for the primary active transport

a solution has a greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol; cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (crenation)

a system of organelles that work together maintly to produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules, and degrade potentially harmful substances.

thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton that are semiflexible strands of protein actin

break down bone to release calcium ions into the blood, digest particles taken in by endocytosis (bacteria, viruses and toxins), degrade worn out organelles, perform metabolic functions such as glycogen break down and release, break down useless tissues (webs between fetal digits and uterine lining during menstruation)

microtubule organizing center with a 9x3 array.

fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface

microvilli

period from cell formation to cell division; not a part of cell division or replication

G1, S, G2

carries transcript information

cellular adhesion molecule that provides temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell-cell interactions

prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells

skeletal muscle, ligaments and tendons

integumentary system

heart muscle, nervous tissue, and some smooth digestive muscle

passive and active

does not require ATP

simple diffusion

lipid solubility of the substance, channels of appropriate size, and carrier proteins

transmembrane integral proteins transport specific polar molecules (e.g., sugars and amino acids)

transport certain lipophobic molecules (glucose, ions or amino acids)

channels and carrier proteins

leakage and gated

open

chemical, electric signals

False.

carrier proteins (solute pumps)

moves solutes against a concentration gradient

depends on an ion gradient created by primary active transport

often receptor mediated, therefore very selective

pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell's interior

cell drinking

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

clathrin coated pits provide main route for endocytosis and transcytosis

occur with receptor mediated endocytosis

anchor cells to extracellular matrix or to each other, assist in movement of cells past one another, CAMs of blood vessel lining attract white blood cells to injured or infected areas, stimulate synthesis or degradation of adhesive membrane junctions, transmit intracellular signals to direct cell migration, proliferation, and specialization.

involves glycoproteins and proteins of the glycocalyx

contact signaling (touching and recognition of cells), chemical signaling (interaction between receptors and ligands), G protein linked receptors (ligand binding activates a G protein, affecting an ion channel or enzyme or causing the release of an internal second messenger

cytoplasm

water with solutes such as protein, salts, sugars, etc.

granules of glycogen or pigments (melanin), lipid droplets, vacuoles, and crystals

cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes

mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae, continuous with nuclear membrane/envelope

studded with ribosomes, manufactures all secreted proteins, synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids

tubules arranged in a looping network, enzyme functions

smooth ER

storage and release of calcium

metabolizes lipids and cholesterol, breakdown of glycogen

detoxifies drugs, pesticides and carcinogens

absorbs, synthesizes, and transports fats

Golgi Apparatus

destruction of cells

highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons

microfilaments

tough, insoluble ropelike protein fibers

intermediate filaments

dynamic hollow tubes, most of which radiate from centrosome

microtubules

threadlike strands of DNA that are arranged in fundamental units called nuleosomes

ATP powered protein complexes that function in motility

centrosome

anucleate

uninucleate

skeletal muscles cells, bone destruction cells, and certain liver cells

nuclear envelope/nuclear membrane

involved in rRNA synthesis and ribosome subunit assembly

regulate transport of large molecules into and out of nucleus

mitosis

gap phase in cells that permanently stop dividing

second subphase of interphase that is DNA replication

third subphase of interphase that is characterized by the preparation for division

nerve, cartilage, heart

interphase

DNA helices begin unwinding from the nucleosomes, helicase untwists the double helix and exposes the complementary chains, the Y shaped site of replication is the replication fork, each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand

one direction

splices together short segments of a discontinuous DNA strand during replication

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

mitosis (cell division)

division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow

2 DNA molecules formed from the original strand

away

unwinds the double helix and exposes bases of DNA

adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

chromosomes become visible, each with two chromatids joined at a centromere

prophase

prophase

metaphase

metaphase

plane midway between the poles

anaphase

when centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously, and each chromatid now becomes a chromosome

critical volume of cell when area of membrane is inadequate for exchange, 2) chemicals

a go signal for control of cell division

anaphase

cytokinesis

telophase

nucleoli, spindles

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

DNA

segment of DNA with blueprint for one polypeptide (protein)

a genetic library

triplet

messenger RNA

ribosomal RNA

transfer RNA

mRNA

rRNA

tRNA

mRNA

ribosomes

transcription and translation

transfers DNA gene base sequence to a complementary base sequence of an mRNA (it transcribes)

an enzyme that oversees synthesis of mRNA andunwinds the DNA template

loosens histones from DNA in area to be transcribed, binds to promoter, mediates the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter

a DNA sequence specifying start site of gene to be transcribed in transcription

making a partial copy of DNA

making an entire copy of DNA

converts base sequence of nucleic acids into the amino acid sequence of proteins

a complementary three base sequence on mRNA

all of them

anticodon of a tRNA binds to its complementary codon and adds its amino acid to the forming protein chain

junk

found in rough ER; binds with mRNA-ribosome complex during protein synthesis

it tags damaged or unneeded soluble proteins in cytosol

prevents protein coding RNA from being translated

small RNAs that interfere with mRNAs made by certain exons

folded RNAs that act as switches regulating protein synthesis in response to environmental conditions

identical

development of specific and distinctive features in cells

apoptosis

chemical signals

little chemical insults and free radicals have cumulative effects

cessation of mitosis and cell again are programmed into genes.

telomeres

strings of nucleotides on the ends of chromosomes