NASM Essentials of Personal Fitness Training: Basic Exercise Science - Skeletal System Flashcards
Skeletal System
The bodys framework, composed of bones and joints
Bones
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs.
Joints
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as an articulation.
Axial skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage and vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities.
Remodelig
The process of resorption and formation of bone.
Osteoclasts
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation.
Epiphysis
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production.
They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth.
Diaphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone
Epiphyseal plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs
Periosteum
A dense memnrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone, except that of the articulationg surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane.
Medullar cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
Articular cartilage (hyaline)
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
Depressions
Flattended or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Vertebral column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion
Synovial joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
Ligament
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
Joint:
Nonsynovial
No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue; little or no movement
Ex. Sutures of the skull
Joint:
Synovial
Produces synovial fluid, has joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue
Ex. Knee (and most of other movable joints)
Joints:
Gliding
No axis of rotation; moves by sliding side-to-side or back and forth
Ex. Carpals of the hand
Joints:
Condyloid
Formed y the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; move predominantly in one plane
Ex. Knee
Joints:
Hinge
Uniaxial; oves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal)
Ex. Elbow
Joints:
Saddle
One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, joint of thmb frontal)
Ex. Only: carpometamarpal
Joints:
Pivot
Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse)
Ex. Radioulnar
Ball-and-socket
Most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion
Ex. Shoulder
Bones:
Long
Long, cylindrical shafr and irregular or widended ends
Ex. Humerus, Femur
Bones:
Short
Similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape
Ex. Carpals of hand, tarsals of feet
Bones:
Flat
Thin, protective
Ex. Scapulae, patella
Bones:
Irregular
Unique shape and function
Ex. Vertabrea
Bones:
Sesamoid
Small often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint
Patella