The hormone which maintains the corpus luteum
Human chorionic gonadotropin
After ovulation, how long is the egg viable
24
Where is ANP synthesized
The heart
How do sperm move along the ductus deferens
Peristaltic contractions
What do the umbilical arteries, ductus venosus, foramen oval and the ductus arterioles become after birth
Umbilical artery - Medial umbilical ligament
Ductus venosus - Ligamentum venosum
Foramen ovale - Fossa ovalis
A slow growing cancer which may never present a threat
Prostate
What is the chorion?
The outermost membrane surrounding an embryo, In mammals (including humans), it contributes to the formation of the placenta
In the ovarian cycle, high levels of estrogen causes a release of what
LH Release
The body system which undergoes the most changes during pregnancy
Cardiovascular system
What is polyspermy
One egg fertilized by more than one sperm
What is abrupto placenta
Premature detachment of the placenta from the uterine wall
What is up-regulation
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ
How do steroids act?
...
Function of the bulbospongiosus muscles
The ability of a male to ejaculate
How do amino acid based hormones exert most of their effects
Second messengers
How do glucocorticoids help the body deal with stress
Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
Function of zonal inhibiting proteins
Destroy sperm receptors on oocyte
What is spermiogenisis
Formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm
Some effects of estrogen
Growth of breasts at puberty
Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH
Inhibin
What are the causes of genital herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis
Genital herpes is caused by a virus that may cause intermittent lesions
Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium that can bring on painful discharges in males
Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that can often be asymptomatic or bring on a wide variety of symptoms
Syphilis is caused by a bacteria that may lead to death if untreated
Know substances which can pass through the placental barriers
Nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol
Which female structure is homologous to the male scrotum
Labia majora
Most important risk for testicular cancer in young males
Non descent of the testes
Sequence of pre embryonic structures
Zygote, morula, blastocyst
Examples of steroid based hormones
Estrogen, aldosterone, cortisone
What forms the primitive streak
Cells on the dorsal surface of the two-layered embryonic disc migrate to form a raised groove
Cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus
-Polyuria (frequent urination) sodium chloride, potassium excreted
-Polydipsia (excessive thirst) from dehydration
-Polyphagia (extreme hunger) cells are starving so person feels hungry despite eating huge amounts of food. Starvation state remains until insulin is available
What's important about the blood-testis barrier
Because spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system
Hormones necessary for the "fight or flight" mode
Epinephrine
What do adipocytes secrete
Leptin
The most important mineral corticoid in regulating electrolytes in the ECF
Aldosterone
Know what is found in the 3 sections of sperm
...
What is mainly responsible for forming placental tissue
Trophoblast
Functions of aldosterone
Regulates electrolyte concentrations in ECF
What is capacitation
Functional changes that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract that allow them to fertilize the secondary oocyte.
Know stages of labor
Onset: secretion of oxytocin, high estrogen levels, contractions
Expulsion: fetus is delivered
Placental: afterbirth expelled
After implantation, what happens to the trophoblast
Trophoblast becomes chorion
Know facts about the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
Partly contained within the infundibulum
Parts of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland
Testes
Why doesn’t semen enter the bladder during ejaculation
The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes
Functions of the vagina
serves as a passageway for menstrual flow
Is the birth canal
Receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse
Where does fertilization occur
Fallopian tubes
Function of the dartos and cremaster muscles
Regulate temperature of testes
What hormone controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins
GnRH
Primary function of the uterus
Receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum
What hormone is necessary for ovulation
LH
Examples of glucocorticoids
Cortisol, cortisone, and hydrocortisone
What causes gluconeogenesis in the liver
Cortisol
Functions of oxytocin
Stimulation of uterine contractions
Stimulation of breast milk ejection
Postpartum bleeding control
Labor induction
When does the endometrium enter its secretory phase
Progesterone levels are at their highest
TH enters the cell similar to what hormone
Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
When are progesterone levels the highest
During the secretory phase
How does the 2nd messenger mechanism of hormone action operate
B1inding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
What effects does leptin have
Adipocytes
Some changes caused by hormones
A change in membrane potential
The stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
An increase in enzymatic activity
What causes erection of the penis
Parasympathetic reflexes
How do the testes respond to excessive body warmth
They move away from the pelvic cavity
An erection is a result of what
Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood
The gland responsible for immune system development
Thymus gland
Mammary glands are what type of glands
The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system
Function of the corpus luteum
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
What are hormones
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids
that regulate the metabolic
function of other cells in the body
What are the fallopian tubes
Tubes that extend from the lateral angle of the uterus and terminate near the ovary; they serve as a passageway for the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and for the spermatozoa from the uterus toward the ovary. Also called oviducts and uterine tubes
Neural tissue is formed from what germ layer
Ectoderm
What is the cause of identical twins
One egg is fertilized by sperm and the zygote splits into two
Name the germ layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Examples of positive feedback systems
Oxytocin release
Muscle tissue is formed from what germ layer
Mesoderm
Function of interstitial endocrine cells
Testosterone
Function of relaxin
Relax pubic symphysis
Similarities of human sperm and egg
Same number of chromosomes
Which hormone stimulates sperm production in the testes
FSH
Consequences of undescended testes
Inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced
How to enzymes proteases and acrosin function in reproduction
They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate
The role of the sustentocytes
Sustentocytes provides nutrients and essential development signals to the developing sperm and form the blood testis barrier that prevents sperm antigens from escaping into the blood
What do the seminal vesicles do
Fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen and when mixed with seminal vesicle fluid spermatozoa become mobile (capacitation)
Main targets of growth hormone
Bones and skeletal muscles
Secretion of progesterone stimulates what
Preparation of the mammary glands for lactation
Most important regulator of blood calcium
Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium
levels in the
blood
Functions of testosterone
Stimulates the male pattern of development
Contributes to male sexual behavior and spermatogenesis
Stimulates protein synthesis
Typical changes produced by a hormonal stimulus
A change in membrane potential
The stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
An increase in enzymatic activity
Discuss PID
PID can cause scarring of the narrow uterine tubes and of the ovaries, resulting in sterility. Scarring and closure of the uterine tubes, which have an internal diameter as small as the width of a human hair in some regions, is one of the major causes of female infertility. Occurs when infection spreads to the peritoneal cavity, causing severe inflammation.
Discuss Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) results from either hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin. When insulin is absent, the result is type 1 diabetes mellitus. The three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus are polyuria (excess urine), polydipsia (excess thirst), and polyphagia (excess hunger).