BIO Test 3 Review
What happens when capsular hydrostatic pressure increases above normal
Net filtration decreases
What drains the glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
The function of angiotensin
Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
What hormone is responsible for facultative water reabsorption
ADH
What do the macula densa cells respond to
Changes in solute content of the filtrate
What are components of the filtration membrane
Glomerular endothelium
Podocytes
Basement membrane
What is the salt-monitoring part of the nephron
Macula densa
Essential role of large intestine bacteria
Synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves which hormone
Cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
To establish the medullary osmotic gradient, the permeability of what is important
loop of Henle
What cells produce intrinsic factor?
Parietal cells of the stomach
The 4 layers of the GI canal, in order
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
What makes up the lamina propria
Layer of areolar connective tissue that attaches the epithelium and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodules and nerves
What triggers the initiation of micturition
Stretching of the bladder wall
Is creatinine absorbed by the PCT
No
Why is fatty tissue around the kidneys important?
Stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
Function of the lamina propria
Rich in macrophages and lymphoid cells and, thus, has a function in immune response
The fluid in Bowman’s capsule is similar to plasma except
It does not contain a significant amount of plasma protein
Most direct function of JG apparatus
Help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
What vessels make up the splanchnic circulation
Arterial supply: branches of the celiac trunk that serve the spleen/liver/stomach, mesenteric arteries that serve the small/large intestine
Hepatic portal circulation: collects nutrient-rich venous blood draining from the digestive viscera and delivers it to the liver
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor to be absorbed
B12
Number of permanent teeth
32
The urinary bladder is composed of what type of epithelium
Transitional
Where are the mechanical and chemical receptors for digestion located
In the walls of the tract organs
Structures associated with the renal corpuscle
Podocyte
Fenestrated capillary
Efferent arteriole
What controls most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules
Hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
What is the function of mesentery
A fold of tissue that attaches organs to the body wall
Sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus
Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
Solutes contained in saliva
Electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
What is diabetes insipidus
A rare form of diabetes caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone vasopressin, which regulates kidney function
Function of hepatic portal circulation
Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules
Osmosis
What accomplishes reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate
Secondary active transport
What is tubular reabsorption
A selective process that reclaims materials from tubular fluid and returns them to the bloodstream
Characteristics of the large intestine
No villi
External muscular bands called teniae coli
Has haustra
Parietal cells produce what
Intrinsic factor
What makes up the renal corpuscle
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
What are some GFR control methods
Renal autoregulation
Neural regulation
Hormonal regulation
What hormone aids in the digestion of complex carbohydrates
Amylase
Function of hepatocytes
Picking up and processing nutrients from the portal blood
Storing some vitamins
Detoxifying poisons
What is hydrolysis
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule
What happens to fluid in the descending loop of Henle
Becomes more concentrated
Kidney function in older adult
Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy
Where is the lingual frenulum located
Tongue
Kidneys develop from what structures
Urogenital ridges
Function of goblet cells
Produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
Paneth cells secrete what
Enzymes that kill bacteria
What increases the absorptive ability of the small intestine
The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine
What stimulates the kidneys to produce renin
Decrease in blood pressure
What does the clearance value of zero for glucose mean
Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed
What is catabolism
Chemical digestion reducing large complex molecules to simpler compounds
Parts of JG complex
Granular cells
Macula densa
Mesangial cells
Chief cells produce what
Pepsinogen
Where is protein digestion initiated
Stomach
What is bile and where is it normally found
Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion
Bile functions to emulsify fats
Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids
Eating a meal high in fat causes the gallbladder to do what
Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum
If the liver is damaged, digestion of what is most affected
Lipids
Where are iron and calcium mainly absorbed
Duodenum
What stomach secretion is needed for production of hemoglobin
Intrinsic factor
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of intestinal villi
Active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic energy
What enzymes splits short chain triglycerides
Lipase
What provides nervous control of gastric secretions
Vagus nerve and enteric plexus
How does the specific gravity of urine compare to water
Urine's specific gravity is slightly higher than that of water
Which immunoglobulin prevents pathogens in the large intestine from going beyond the mucosa
IgA
Important items for reabsorption of a substance in the nephron
Within PCT: reabsorbtion occurs when pH needs to be maintained and biocarbonate ions are reabsorbed back into the blood stream
loop of Henle: allows for the reabsorbtion of water through osmosis whereas the ascending limb allows for the passive and active transport of salts such as sodium to move out of the tubules and be reabsorbed
DCT: highly selective reabsorption takes place allowing for small adjustments to be made especially between the presence of Potassium and Sodium
What cells in the kidney respond to changes in solute content
Macula densa
Functions of the nephron loop
Form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
Increase in permeability of cells in the collecting tubule is due to increase in what hormone
ADH
Are the ureters capable of peristalsis
Yes
What artery lies between the cortex and medulla
Arcuate
The outermost layer of the small intestine
Serosa
Where is chyme created
Stomach
What factor favors filtrate formation at the glomerulus
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Functions of the urinary system
Helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood
Regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
Maintains blood osmolarity
How does alcohol act as a diuretic
It inhibits ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary and results in increased urine volume
What is the function of enamel on the teeth
Hard outer layer of crown, hardest substance in the body
An enzyme specific for proteins
Trypsin
The cephalic phase in gastric digestion occurs when
Before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought
Most important hormones in regulating electrolyte reabsorption and secretion
Angiotensin II and aldosterone
Components of saliva
Lysozyme
A cyanide compound
Defensins
What is chemical digestion
The physiological process by which food = nutrient molecules have their molecular structure modified by interacting with substances secreted by various digestive glands and tissues
What type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
Simple squamous epithelium
Hormones which inhibit gastric secretion
Secretin
What are peristaltic waves
Waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
What does the submucosal layer of the digestive tube contain
Blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers
What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane
What papillae contain taste buds
Fungiform and circumvallate
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys
Nephron
Explain a gastric ulcer
Sore in the lining of stomach or duodenum
Pain starts between meals, during the night, briefly stops if antacids are taken, lasts for minutes or hours, comes and goes for days or weeks
Acids that help digest food damage duodenum
Helicobacter pylori or overuse of NSAIDS are most common causes
Endoscopy or X-Ray to diagnose
Must be treated or will get worse. Antibiotics to kill H. pylori or medication to reduce acids will be prescribed
Explain cystitis
Condition in which the mucous membrane lining the bladder becomes swollen and bleeding occurs
Escherichia coli are normal residents of the digestive tract and generally cause no problems there, but these bacteria account for 80% of all urinary tract infections
Can be brought about by poor hygiene or STD
Can spread to kidneys if allowed to worsen