the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler substances; they release energy

chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules; they require energy

stores energy for chemical reactions

catalyze chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy; they have three-dimensional shape

Protein portion - apoenzyme, nonprotein - cofactor

metal ion( Iron, Copper, Magnesium, Manganeze, Zinc, Calcium, or cobalt)

complex organic molecule NAD+, NADP+, FMN, FAD, coenzyme A

Temperature: high - denaturation; low - decrease rate

pH: best is optimal ph 6.5-7.5

substrate concentration: if increased - activity increases

compete with normal substrate for the active site of the enzyme

removal of one or more electrons from a substrate. Ex. : (H+)

gaining of one or more electrons

NAD⁺ - oxidized form

NADH - reduced form

series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions

the most commonly used carbohydrate; it is reduced molecule

1 molecule - Produces 2ATP and 2NADH

Respiration: complete breakdown of glucose

Fermentation: partial breakdown of glucose

the most common pathway of the oxidation of glucose

end product - pyruvic acid

O₂ final electron acceptor

inorganic molecule is the final acceptor

contains of carriers: flavoproteins, cytochromes, ubiquinones

Prokaryotes: in the plasma membrane

Eukaryotes: in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Aerobic prokaryotes: 38 ATP (from complete oxidation of one glucose molecule in glycolysis, Krebs cycle and ETC)

Eukaryotes: 36 ATP (complete oxidation of one glucose molecule)

does not require O₂

electron acceptor - organic molecule

light-independent

CO₂ used to synthesize sugars

Phototrophs: oxidation-reduction reactions; (heatero - use light and organic compound)

Chemotrophs: use chemical energy; (autotrophs - CO₂ as carbon source, hetero - use organic molecules and their carbon source)

Oxygenic phototrophs

Anoxygenic phototrophs