Microbiology: Microbiology Flashcards
Metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
Catabolism
chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler substances; they release energy
Anabolism
chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules; they require energy
ATP
stores energy for chemical reactions
Enzymes
catalyze chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy; they have three-dimensional shape
Enzymes( holoenzymes)
Protein portion - apoenzyme, nonprotein - cofactor
Cofactor
metal ion( Iron, Copper, Magnesium, Manganeze, Zinc, Calcium, or cobalt)
Coenzyme
complex organic molecule NAD+, NADP+, FMN, FAD, coenzyme A
Enzymatic activity
Temperature: high - denaturation; low - decrease rate
pH: best is optimal ph 6.5-7.5
substrate concentration: if increased - activity increases
Competitive inhibitors
compete with normal substrate for the active site of the enzyme
Oxidation
removal of one or more electrons from a substrate. Ex. : (H+)
Reduction
gaining of one or more electrons
NAD+ - oxidized form
NADH - reduced form
Metabolic pathways
series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions
Glucose
the most commonly used carbohydrate; it is reduced molecule
1 molecule - Produces 2ATP and 2NADH
Respiration vs Fermentaion
Respiration: complete breakdown of glucose
Fermentation: partial breakdown of glucose
Glycolysis
the most common pathway of the oxidation of glucose
end product - pyruvic acid
Aerobic respiration
O2 final electron acceptor
Anaerobic respiration
inorganic molecule is the final acceptor
Electron Transport Chain ETC
contains of carriers: flavoproteins, cytochromes, ubiquinones
Electron carriers location
Prokaryotes: in the plasma membrane
Eukaryotes: in the inner mitochondrial membrane
ATP production
Aerobic prokaryotes: 38 ATP (from complete oxidation of one glucose molecule in glycolysis, Krebs cycle and ETC)
Eukaryotes: 36 ATP (complete oxidation of one glucose molecule)
Fermenation
does not require O2
electron acceptor - organic molecule
Calvin-Benzon cycle
light-independent
CO2 used to synthesize sugars
Phototrophs vs Chemotrophs
Phototrophs: oxidation-reduction reactions; (heatero - use light and organic compound)
Chemotrophs: use chemical energy; (autotrophs - CO2 as carbon source, hetero - use organic molecules and their carbon source)
Cyanobacteria
Oxygenic phototrophs
Green bacteria and purple bacteria
Anoxygenic phototrophs