What are the vital signs?
pulse and blood pressure, respiratory rate and body temperature
What is the pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of arteries?
pulse
What pulse, taken at the wrist, is routinely used?
radial pulse
Systemic arterial blood pressure is measured using what?
sphygmomanometer
When measuring blood pressure, sounds first occur when the blood ?
starts to spurt through the artery
When measuring blood pressure, sounds disappear when?
the artery is no longer constricted and blood is flowing freely
What type of pressure is heard first?
systolic
What type of pressure is heard when sounds disappear?
diastolic
What is the normal range of systolic blood pressure?
110-140 mm Hg
What is the normal range of systolic blood pressure?
70-80 mm Hg
When does blood pressure peak, and why?
in the morning, due to levels of hormones
What is low blood pressure called?
hypotension
In hypotension, the systolic blood pressure is below ?
100 mm Hg
What alteration in blood pressure is often associated with long life and lack of cardiovascular illness?
hypotension
What type of hypotension occurs with a temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position?
orthostatic hypotension
What type of hypotension hints of poor nutrition and is a warning sign of Addison's disease or hypothyroidism?
chronic hypotension
What type of hypotension is an important sign of circulatory shock?
acute hypotension
What is high blood pressure called?
hypertension
Hypertension requires a sustained elevated arterial pressure of what?
140/90 mm Hg or higher
What type of hypertension is due to risk factors like heredity, diet, obesity, age, stress, diabetes mellitus, and smoking?
primary or essential hypertension
What type of hypertension is less common and is due to identifiable disorders like kidney disease, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders like hyperthyroidism and Cushing's syndrome?
secondary hypertension
What allows for adequate time for exchange between blood and tissues?
slow capillary flow
What is the automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any given point in time?
autoregulation
What are the types of autoregulation
metabolic and myogenic
What type of autoregulation involves the vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters that occur in response to declining tissue O2 and substances from metabolically active tissues?
metabolic
What are the effects of metabolic controls?
relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and release of NO from vascular endothelial cells
What is the major factor causing vasodilation in metabolic autoregulation?
nitrous oxide
What type of autoregulation keep tissue perfusion constant despite most fluctuations in systemic pressure?
myogenic
In myogenic controls, what promotes increased tone and vasoconstriction?
passive stretch (increased intravascular pressure)
In myogenic controls, what promotes vasodilation and increases blood flow to the tissue?
reduced stretch
What is the formation of new blood vessels called?
angiogenesis
Long-term autoregulation (angiogenesis) occurs when?
When more blood flow is needed and when short-term autoregulation cannot meet tissue nutrient requirements
What is syncope and when does it occur?
fainting/dizziness; when MAP is below 60 mm Hg
When can cerebral edema occur?
When MAP is above 160
What is any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled or blood cannot circulate normally?
circulatory shock
What type of shock results from large-scale blood loss?
hypovolemic shock
What type of circulatory shock results from extreme vasodilation and descreased peripheral resistance (caused by some poisons)?
vascular shock
What type of circulatory shock results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation (when heart is failing/dying)?
cardiogenic shock
What are the two main circulations?
pulmonary and systemic
What type of circulation is the short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart?
pulmonary
What type of circulation is a long loop to all parts of the body and back to the heart?
systemic