pharm exam
Physiology of HTN
List four factors that affect blood
pressure maintenance.
blood volume
cardiac output
arterial
distensibiltiy
peripheral vascular resistance
Physiology of HTN
Name of the nerve endings in the large vessels of the heart and brain which are sensitive to changes in pressure and help control BP
baroreceptors
Physiology of HTN
What is the kidney enzyme released when BP is low?
Renin
Physiology of HTN
Name the active vasoconstrictor in the
renin angiotensin system of BP control.
angiotensin II
Physiology of HTN
Idenify two consequences of untreated hypertension.
CVA
stroke
heart failure
CHF
cerebral thrombosis
Antihypertensive Agents
Which antihypertensive agents
works on the blood vessels to relax the smooth muscles and cause vasodilation?
direct acting vasodilators
Antihypertensive Agents
Which category of
antihypertensive agent blocks angiotensin II from attaching to
receptor sites and blocking its hypertensive effects?
angiotensin II receptor antagonist
Antihypertensive Agents
Which category of
antihypertensive agents decreases cardiac contractility and workload
by decreasing depolarization?
Calcium Channel Blocker
Antihypertensive Agents
If a drug is an alpha 2 agonist,
what effect will it have on blood pressure?
decrease
Antihypertensive Agents
Two category of drugs that can be
used as antianginal and antidysrhytmic agents as well as being used
to control hypertension.
beta blocker
calcium channel blocker
Diuretic Agents
Which categories of diurectic agents work on the proximal renal
tubules and have the strongest diuretic effect?
Osmotics Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Diuretic Agents
Which category of diuretic agents work on
the distal tubules and have the weakest diuretic effect?
potassium sparing
Diuretic Agents
What is the main physiological effect of
diuretic agents in lowering blood pressure?
decreased or lower fluid volume
Diuretic Agents
What is the most effective method for the
nurse to measure fluid reduction with the use of diuretic agents?
daily weight
weigh daily
Diuretic Agents
What are three client factors that nurses
should monitor when the client is taking diuretic agents?
blood pressure
potassium
weight
I & O
blood sugar
Cardiac Physiology
What is the main pacemaker of the heart?
SA Node
Cardiac Physiology
What is the electolyte responsible for
returning heart to resting state after depolarization?
Potassium
Cardiac Physiology
What would happen to the
contractility of the heart if Sodium and Calcium channels were blocked?
decrease contractility
Cardiac Physiology
Cardiac output is equal to
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventrical with each heart
beat multiplied by what?
Heart rate
Cardiac Physiology
What would happen to the
cardiac workload if the preload and the afterload were increased?
increased workload
Cardiac Disorders
When there is inadequate
blood flow to the heart tissue resulting in cardiac pain it is called________?
Angina
Cardiac Disorders
An abnormal heart rhythm of
any kind is called_________?
arrhythmia
dysrhythmia
Cardiac Disorders
If the right side of the heart fails
(CHF), what fluid effect results?
peripheral edema
peripheral congestion
Cardiac Disorders
If the left side of the
heart fails (CHF), what fluid effect results?
pulmonary edema
pulmonary congestion
Cardiac Disorders
What is the main problem resulting from a cardiac dysrhythmia?
decreased cardiac output
reduced cardiac output
Cardiac Glycosides
Name two uses for Cardiac Glycosides?
congestive heart failure
atrial fibrillation
Cardiac Glycosides
What is the negative chronotropic
action of a cardicac glycoside?
decreased heart rate
slow heart rate
Cardiac Glycosides
Why are cardiac glycoside blood levels monitored frequently?
long half life
prolonged half life
narrow therapeutic range
Cardiac Glycosides
What electrolyte imbalance increases
the risk for glycoside toxicity?
hypokalemia
low potassium
Cardiac Glycosides
What are the signs of cardiac
glycoside toxicity?
bradycardia
nausea
vomiting
visual
changes
confusion
visual illusions
Antianginal Agents
What antianginal agent acts blocking the release of epinephrine
and norepinephrine?
beta blocker
Antianginal Agents
Which antianginal agent acts
by interfering with depolarization?
calcium channel blocker
Antianginal Agents
Which antianginal agent works
by vasodilating coronary blood vessels?
nitrates
Antianginal Agents
Which antiangina agent can cause
bronchospasm and impotence?
beta blocker
Antianginal Agents
What is one common side
effect of antianginal agents?
hypotension
arrhythmia
dysrhythmia
Antidysrhythmics
Which two antianginal agents can also be
used to treat dysrhythmias?
beta blockers
calcium channel blockers
Antidysrhythmics
Which two antidysrhytmic agents
interfere with depolarization?
calcium channel blockers
sodium channel blockers
Antidysrhythmics
Which antidysrhytmic agent enhances the
resting stage of the heart action?
Class III
prolong repolarization
those that prolong repolarization
Antidysrhythmics
List the common side effects of
antidysrhythmic agents.
dysrhytmias
orthostatic hypotension
hypotension
bradycardia