women, aging, obesity, prolonged fasting, birth control pills or HRT, crohn's disease, sickle cell disease, pregnancy, diabetes, increased serum cholesterol

episodic upper abdominal pain, pain caused by high fat meal, anorexia, n/v, dyspepsia, belching, gas, abdominal fullness feeling, Blumberg's sign (rebound tenderness), fever, jaundice

Keep drainage system below site of insertion to prevent backup of bile into surgical area (infection)

infection, hemorrhage, acute kidney failure, paralytic ileus, shock, ARDS, atelectasis, pneumonia, DIC, pleural effusion

passing of flatus or stool

avoid caffeine, alcohol, & nicotine, eat bland, low-fat, high-protein, minimally spicey, & small meals, take prescribed pancreatic enzymes, & rest frequently

take drugs with meals and a glass of water (to ensure none remain in mouth & wipe mouth with towel to protect skin) and do not mix enzymes with foods containing proteins

intense, continuous abdominal pain and tenderness, ascites, respiratory complications, steatorrhea (clay-colored stools), weight loss, jaundice, dark urine, possible left upper quad mass

Respiratory failure; assess status q8h

potentially fatal abscesses formed by collections of purulent liquid of netrotic pancreas