Chemistry The Central Science 12th Edition: Chemistry 1A Final Review Flashcards

the study of the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter

any characteristic that gives a sample of matter its unique identity

a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means; composed of only one type of atom

the smallest representative particle of an element

an entity composed of two or more atoms with the atoms attached to one another in a specific way

a measure of the amount of material in an object

gas, liquid, and solid

has no fixed volume or shape; conforms to the volume and shape of its container; molecules are far apart and move at high speeds

has a distinct volume independent of its container but had no specific shape; assumes the shape of the portion of the container it occupies; molecules are packed more closely together but move rapidly and slide

has a definite shape and volume; molecules are held tightly together in definite arrangements and wiggle slightly

matter that has distinct properties and a composition that doesn't vary from sample to sample (elements and compounds)

a substance composed of two or more elements

a combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity

the substances that make up a mixture

a mixture that is uniform throughout ( a solution)

a mixture that does not have the same composition, properties, and appearance throughout

the elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same

can be measured without changing the identity and composition of the substance (color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness)

describe the way a substance may change, or react, to form other substances

matter does not change its composition (ex. changes of states)

a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance

are independent of the amount of matter examined; are used to identify substances

relate to the amount of substance present

a dynamic process used to answer questions about our physical world

general rules that summarize how nature behaves

a tentative explanation that guides in planning further experiments

an explanation of the general causes of certain phenomena, with considerable evidence or facts to support it

the determination of the amount of a given substance that is present in a sample

the determination of the presence or absence of a particular substance in a mixture

metric units are used for scientific measurements

preferred units used in scientific measurement (length=meter (m), mass=kilogram (kg), time=second (s), temperature=Kelvin (K))

the measure of the hotness or coldness of an object; determines the direction of heat flow

the everyday temperature scale of most countries

the SI temperature scale

K = C + 273.15

F = (9/5)C + 32

C = (5/9)(F - 32)

indicates how closely different measurements of a quantity agree with one another

indicates how well a measurement agrees with the accepted or "true" value

in a measured quantity, they include one estimated digit (the last digit of the measurement)

an approach to problem solving in which we keep track of units as we carry measurements through calculations

a fraction whose numerator and denominator are the same quantity expressed in different units

meters (m)

grams (g)

seconds (s)

Kelvin (K)

mole (mol)

10^9, G

10^6, M

10^3, k

10^2, h

10^1, da

10^-1, d

10^-2, c

10^-3, m

10^-6, µ

10^-9, n

square meter, length x width

cubic meter, length x width x height

meter per second, length / time

1 per meter, number / length

kilogram per cubic meter, mass / volume

newton, length x mass / time x time

pascal, force / area

joule, force x length

ion with positive charge

ion with negative charge

Al^3+

NH4^+

As^3+

As^5+

Ba^2+

Bi^3+

Bi^5+

Cd^2+

Ca^2+

Cr^3+

Cr^3+

Co^2+

Co^3+

Cu^+, Cuprous

Cu^2+, Cupric

H^+

H3O+

Fe^2+, Ferrous

Fe^3+, Ferric

Pb^2+, Plumbous

Pb^3+, Plumbic

Li+

Mg^2+

Mn^2+

Mn^4+

Hg2^2+, Mercurous

Hg^2+, Mercuric

Ni^2+

K^+

Ag^+

Na^+

Sr^2+

Sn^2+, Stannous

Sn^4+, Stannic

Zn^2+

Br^-

BrO^-, Hypobromite

BrO2^-, Bromite

BrO3^-, Bromate

BrO4^-, Perbromate

CO3^2-

ClO-, Hypochlorite

ClO2^-, Chlorite

ClO3^-, Chlorate

ClO4^-, Perchlorate

Cl^-

CrO4^2-

CN^-

Cr2O7^2-

H2PO4^-

C2H3O2^-, Acetate

F^-

H^-

HCO3^-, Bicarbonate

HC2O4^-, Binoxalate

HPO4^2-

HSO4^-, Bisulfate

HS^-, Bisulfide

HSO3^-, Bisulfite

OH^-

IO^-, Hypoiodite

IO2^-, Iodite

IO3^-, Iodate

IO4^-, Periodate

I^-

MnO4^-, Permangeate

NO3^-

N^3-

C2O4^2-, Ethandioate

O^2-

O2^2-

PO4^3-

SO4^2-

S^2-

SO3^2-

S2O3^2-

SCN^-

Hg2^2+

NH4^+

BrO^-, BrO2^-, BrO3^-, BrO4^-, C2H3O2^-, ClO^-, ClO2^-, ClO3^-, ClO4^-, CN^-, HCO3^-, HC3O4^-, H2PO4^-, HS^-, HSO3^-, HSO4^-, IO^-, IO3^-, IO4^-, MnO4^-, NO2^-, NO3^-, OH^-, SCN^-

CO3^2-, C2O4^2-, CrO4^2-, Cr2O7^2-, HPO4^2-, SO3^2-, SO4^2-, S2O3^2-

PO3^3-, PO3^3-

mass/volume

m*c*deltaT

heat

temperature change

mass

specific heat

delta H - T*deltaS

reaction is spondtaneuous at this temperature

+delta H, low temperature

-delta S, high temperature

-delta H, + delta S, any temperature

-delta H, +delta S, any temperature

+delta S, High Temperature

endothermic

exothermic

kmi

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Depression

whole number equaling the number of particles a substance dissolves into

solvent constant

molality (NOT molarity)

moles solute/volume of solution

moles solute/kilograms of solvent

moles solute/total of solution

nRT

pressure in atm

volume in liters

number of moles of gas particles in the container

the ideal gas constant

temperature in Kelvin

0.08 Latm/mole K

760 torr (760 mm Hg)

1000 calories (4000 joules)

273 kelvin

multiply the formula weight by the number of moles

22.4 L volume

soluble

soluble

they are paired with one of the anions which are soluble

-2, peroxide, -1

+1

+2

-1,

-1

+1

-1

0

6.02 x 10^23 molecules/moles

Oxidation is Losing Electrons

losing electrons

reduction is gaining electrons

gaining electrons

Oxidation occurs at Anode

reduction occurs at the Cathode

reaction is spontaneous and energy is released (battery)

reaction is NOT spondtaneous and required a voltage source (electron plating)

[products]/[reactants]

[C]^c[D]^d/[A]^a[B]^b

products favored

reactants favored

upper right

upper right

lower left

upper right

lower right

pKa+log[A]/[HA]

-log10[H+]

Basic

Acidic

Neutral

HCl, HI, H2SO4, HBR, HClO4, HNO3

All Group I Hydroxides

1s

2px

2pz

2py

3dx²-y²

3dxz

3dz²-x²-y²

3dyz

3dxy

electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies, for radio and television communications

for microwave ovens, cell phones, and radar

3rd longest wave, can be felt as heat, used in heat lamps, electrical appliances, remote controllers for televisions and intruder alarms

Electromagnetic waves that can be seen with the unaided eye, ROYGBIV

Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

invisible rays of the spectrum lying outside the violet end of the visible spectrum, can cause skin cancer and sunburns, for medicine and security

image created by sending electromagnetic radiation through body parts, solid parts appear white, can penetrate almost all matter, can lead to cancer

Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies, can be used to kill cancer cells in the body

a wave that can travel through space or matter and consists of changing electric and magnetic energy

energy that travels through space in the form of waves

disturbance that transfers energy from place to place

complete range of electromagnetic waves In order of increased frequencies, are all light waves

Is the ability to do work

Material through which a wave travels.

A repeated back-and-forth or up-and-down motion

Highest point of a wave

Lowest point of a wave

maximum distance that the particles of the medium carrying the wave move away from their rest position

The distance between crest to the next crest of a wave

How many waves can pass a given point in a certain amount of time

Frequency is measured in

Allow all light to pass through

scatters light as it passes through

allows no light to come through

Three colors that can combine to make any other color(red, blue, green)

2 primary colors combine in equal amounts

any two colors that combine to form white light

colored substances that are used to color other substances

when a object or wave bounces back off a surface though which it cannot pass

A mirror with a surface that curves inward

A mirror with a surface that curves outward

bending of light waves due to a change in speed

A piece of transparent and curved material that refracts light.

thicker in the center than the edges

thinner in the center than the edges

An optical instrument that uses 1 or more lenses to focus light, and film to record an image of an object.

An optical instrument for making distant objects appear nearer and larger by using a combination of lens and mirrors

An optical instrument for magnifying very small objects by using a combination of lenses

two types of telescopes

2 types of microscopes