Seljuq Turks
a Muslim people from Central Asia that gained contorl of Palestine
Urban II
Pope to organized the first Crusaders in Clermont stating "God wills it, God wills it, God wills it!"
Crusades
a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land
Saladin
Muslim leader who gained control of Jerusalem setting off the Third Crusade
Children's Crusade
Young people deciding to march to the Holy Land and regain it for Christian Europe and many were carried off into slavery
barter economy
goods and services exchanged for other goods and services without using money
domestic system
manufacturing took place in workers' home rather than in a shop or factory
usury
charging of interest on loans
capital
wealth that is earned, saved, and invested to make profits
market economy
land, labor, and capital are controlled by individual persons
merchant guild
association of merchants and workers created to protect their rights to trade and to help out members and their families
craft guild
associations of skilled workers that set standards for working conditions
apprentice
one who learns a skills under a master
journeyman
skilled worker who was paid wages by a master
middle class
class of skilled workers between the upper class and the poor and unskilled workers
Black Death
a terrible plague that swept through Europe possibly killing 25 million people
troubadours
traveling singers who entertained people during the Middle Ages
scholasticism
Medieval philosophy attempting to bring together faith and reason
Dante Alighieri
wrote "The Divine Comedy"
Geoffrey Chaucer
wrote "The Canterbury Tales"
Peter Abelard
medieval philosopher of scholasticism who wrote "Sic et Non" questing the church's teachings
Thomas Aquinas
a Dominican monk who wrote "Summa Theologiae" that summarized medieval Christian thought
Gothic
style of church architecture characterized by tall spires and flying buttresses that was developed by master builders during the mid-1100s
Hundred Years' War
series of conflicts between France and England from 1337-1453
War of the Roses
war between the York and Lancaster families for England's throne
Henry Tudor
defeated King Richard III of York in the War of the Roses to set up a strong monarchy in England again
Joan of Arc
the "Maid of Orleans" who left home to aid Charles VII against the English and was burned at the stake by English troops
Louis XI
united France and seized the lands of the House of Burgundy
Ferdinand
United Spain in 1479 with his wife
Isabella
United Spain in 1479 with her husband
Habsburg
became the most powerful family in Europe but couldn't unite the Holy Roman Empire
Babylonian Captivity
The years that the popes lived in Avignon named for the time the ancient Hebrews were forced to live in Babylon
Great Schism
period in church history with multiple popes supported by opposing groups
John Wycliffe
priest and teacher at Oxford University and attacked the wealth and immorality of some of the clergy; promoted the first translation of the Bible into English from Latin
Jan Hus
a religious reformer and teacher at the University of Prague; declared a heretic and burned at the stake