Study Guide for Microbiology: Study Guide Microbiology Flashcards

In 1668, demonstrated that maggots appeared only in decaying meat that had been exposed to flies.
a. Redi
b. Pasteur
c. Hooke

Introduced the concept that living cells arise from other living cells.
a. Pateur
b. Needham
c. Virchow

Introduced the technique of vaccination for smallpox.
a.Lister
b. Jenner
c. Lister

First to use the microscope to observe "cells"
a.Leeuweenhoek
b. Redi
c. Hooke

Made an association between silkworm disease and a fungus.
a. Bassi
b. Lister
c. Linnaeus

A surgeon who used carbolic acid to control wound infections.
a. Koch
b. Lister
c. Fleming

First to speculate about the possibility of a "magic bullet" that would destroy a pathogen without harming the host
a. Spallanzani
b. Linnaeus
c. Ehrlich

Discovered penicillin.
a. Fleming
b. Bassi
c. Jenner

Using anthrax as a model, demonstrated that a specific microorganism is the cause of a specific disease.
a. Lister
b.Koch
c.Ehrlich

Originated our system of scientific nomenclature.
a.Hooke
b. Linnaeus
c. Virchow

Assigned a microbial cause to fermentation.
a. Pasteur
b. Stanley
c. Crick

First to crystallize a virus.
a. Pasteur
b. Stanley
c. Crick

Showed that mild heating of spirits killed spoilage bacteria without damage to the beverage.
a. Pasteur
b. Stanley
c. Crick

Devised a classification system for the streptococci based on an immunological system of serotype.
a. Crick
b. Koch
c. Lancefield

Demonstrated that infections in obstetrical wards could be minimized by disinfecting the hands of physicians.
a. Lancefield
b. Crick
C. Semmelweis

Participated in determining the structure of DNA.
a. Crick
b. Koch
c. Stanley

First demonstrated that genetic information could be exchanged between bacteria by conjugation.
a. Beadle
b. Lederberge
c. lancefielf

Prokaryotes
a. Fungi
b. Bacteria
c. Viruses

Non-cellular, reproduce only inside cells of host organism.
a. viruses
b. Prion
c. Fungi

Helminths
a. viruses
b. Multicellular animal parasites
c. Elephants

Yeasts
a. Protozoa
b. Elephants
c. Fungi

An infectious protein
d. Bacteria
e. viruses
c. prion

Unicellular Eukaryotic microorganisms; members of Kingdom Protista
a. protozoa
c. fungi
b. bacteria

Protection from a disease that is provided by vaccination
a. Fermintaition
b. Aseptic
c. Immunity

The use of chemical substance to treat a disease.
a. Bio-remediation
b. Chemotherapy
c. Fermentation

The use of microbes to clean up, for example, and oil spill
a. aseptic
b. Immunity
c. bioremediation

The process by which yeasts change sugar into alcohol.
a. Fermentation
b. Bioremediation
c. Bacillus

Techniques that keep areas free of unwanted microorganisms.
a. fermentation
b. aseptic
c. Immunity

Photosynthetic bacteria; may fix nitrogen from air.
a. cyanobacteria
b. coccus
c. bacillus

Photosynthetic eukaryotes.

d. Protozoa
e. archaea
f. algae

Eukaryotes classified primarily by their means of locomotion

d. Protozoa
e. archaea
f. algae

General name for a rod-shaped bacterium
a. cyanobacteria
b. coccus
c. bacillus

General name for a spherical bacterium.
a. cyanobacteria
b. coccus
c. bacillus

Prokaryotes whose call walls lack peptidoglycan and are often found in extreme enviroments.

d. Protozoa
e. archaea
f. algae

Bacteria generally reproduce by a process called _________ into two equal daughter cells

The set of criteria that prove that a specific microorganism is the cause of a specific disease is known today as _______________.

The concept that living cells can arise only from other living cells is called _________.

Responding to experiments in which nutrient fluids were heated in sealed containers, proponents of spontaneous generation objected that heating destroyed some ______in the air.

According to the rules applied to the scientific naming of a biological organism, the _________ name is always capitalized.

Paul Ehrlich discovered an arsenic derivative, _______________, that was effective against syphilis.

Antimicrobial chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi are called _______________.

The penicillin-producing mold that Fleming discovered was named Peniciilium _____________; later it was renamed P. chrysogenum.

Bacteria usually exist in nature not as single cells but as aggregations of cells called a(n) ________________.

The electrons pass through a thin section of the specimen.
a. Compound light microscope
b. Scanning electron microscope
c. Phase-contrast microscope
d. Transmission electron microscope

Visible light passes through the specimen; uses separate objective and ocular lenses.
a. Compound light microscope
b. Scanning electron microscope
c. Phase-contrast microscope

Details become visible because of differences in the refractive index of different parts of the cell.
a. Compound light microscope
b. Scanning electron microscope
c. Phase-contrast microscope

Visible light is scattered after striking the specimen, and the specimen is visible against a darkened background.

e. Fluorescence microscope
f. Darkfield microscope
g. Two-photon microscopy
h. Confocal microscopy

a special microscope using ultraviolet illumination.

e. Fluorescence microscope
f. Darkfield microscope
g. Two-photon microscopy
h. Confocal microscopy

The electrons strike the surface of the specimen, and secondary electrons leaving the surface are viewed on a television-like screen.
a. Compound light microscope
b. Scanning electron microscope
c. Phase-contrast microscope

Makes use of relatively low-energy red light to excite fluorochromes; can track cellular activity in real time.
e. Fluorescence microscope
f. Darkfield microscope
g. Two-photon microscopy
h. Confocal microscopy

Pertaining to the relative velocities of light through a substance.

d. Resolving power
e. refractive index
f. immersion oil
g. immunofluorescence

Involves the use of antibodies and ultraviolet light.

e. refractive index
f. immersion oil
g. immunofluorescence

One-millionth of a meter.
a. Micrometer
b. Nanometer
c. Angstrom
d. Resolving power
e. refractive index
f. immersion oil
g. immunofluorescence

One ten-billionth of a meter.
a. Micrometer
b. Nanometer
c. Angstrom

The ability to separate two points in a microscope field.
d. Resolving power
e. refractive index
f. immersion oil
g. immunofluorescence

Adhere(s) best to bacteria, which have a negative charge, because the color molecule has a positive charge.
a. basic dye
b. acidic dyes
c. gram stain

Used in diagnosis of tuberculosis
d. acid-fast stain
e. capsule stain
f. endospore stain

Involve(s) the use of a negative stain made from India ink particles.
d. acid-fast stain
e. capsule stain
f. endospore stain

Schaeffer-Fulton stain
d. acid-fast stain
e. capsule stain
f. endospore stain

Use(s) carbolfuchsin dye
d. acid-fast stain
e. capsule stain
f. endospore stain

Use(s) malachite green
d. acid-fast stain
e. capsule stain
f. endospore stain

Reflect(s) a basic difference between microbial cell walls; ethanol will not remove stain from bacteria.
a. basic dye
b. acidic dyes
c. gram stain

A Microscope that uses laser illumination.
a. confocal
b. phase-contrast
c. darkfield

Extremely thin microbes, for example, the spirochete Trponema pallidum, are best seen with this type of light microscope.
a. confocal
b. phase-contrast
c. darkfield

This type of electron microscope yields images with seemingly three-dimensional views of the specimen.
d. transmission
e. scanning
f. scanning acoustic

Light rays that pass through different portions of the specimen reach the eye with their was peaks reinforced or cancelled, making structures of the specimen relatively light or dark.
a. confocal
b. phase-contrast
c. darkfield

A microscope that uses sound waves to form an image.
d. transmission
e. scanning
f. scanning acoustic

Formerly known as a micron.
a. micrometer
b. nanometer
c. angstrom
d. millimeter

Formerly known as a millimicron.
a. micrometer
b. nanometer
c. angstrom
d. millimeter

This is 10 to the negative tenth power of a meter
a. micrometer
b. nanometer
c. angstrom
d. millimeter

A billionth of a meter
a. micrometer
b. nanometer
c. angstrom
d. millimeter

Helical; move by flagella, if present.
g. cocci
h. spirilla
i. diplococci
j. coccobacilli

Spherical; in chains.
a. Sarcinae
b. tetrads
c. streptococci
d. spirochetes

Divide in three regular planes; spheres form cubelike packets.
a. Sarcinae
b. tetrads
c. streptococci

Helical; axial filaments for motility.
a. Sarcinae
b. tetrads
c. streptococci
d. spirochetes

A simple, commalike curve.
c. streptococci
d. spirochetes
e. vibrios
f. bacilli
g. cocci

Name means "little staff"
f. bacilli
g. cocci
h. spirilla
i. diplococci
j. coccobacilli

Ovals
h. spirilla
i. diplococci
j. coccobacilli

Golgi complex.
a. eukaryotic cell
b. prokaryotic cell

Meiosis occurs in reproduction.
a. eukaryotic cell
b. prokaryotic cell

Usually single circular chromosome without histones.
a. eukaryotic cell
b. prokaryotic cell

Sterols generally present in cell membrane.
a. eukaryotic cell
b. prokaryotic cell

Cell wall almost always contains peptidoglycans.
a. eukaryotic cell
b. prokaryotic cell

Nucleus bounded by a membrane.
a. eukaryotic cell
b. prokaryotic cell

DNA contained in a nucleoid.
a. eukaryotic cell
b. prokaryotic cell

Contain pigments for photosynthesis by bacteria; found in the plasma membrane.
i. chromatophores
j. chloroplasts
k. magnetosomes

Gram-negative bacterial cells after their treatment with lysozyme.
g. Spheroplasts
h protoplasts
i. chromatophores
j. chloroplasts

Specialized external structures that assist in the transfer of genetic material between cells.
a. glycocalyx
b. flagellin
c. fimbriae
d. sex pili

Numerous short, hairlike appendages that help in attachment to mucous membranes.
a. glycocalyx
b. flagellin
c. fimbriae
d. sex pili

General terms for substances surrounding bacterial cells.
a. glycocalyx
b. flagellin
c. fimbriae

Polysaccharides found in the cell wall of many gram-positive bacteria.
c. fimbriae
d. sex pili
e. capsules
f. teichoic acids

Inclusions of iron oxide.
i. chromatophores
j. chloroplasts
k. magnetosomes

Metachromatic granules of stored phosphate in prokaryotes.
a. volutin
b. plasmids
c. cristae

Entrance of fluids and dissolved substances into eukaryotic cells.
i. phagocytosis
j. pinocytosis
k. cytoplasmic streaming
l. mycolic acid

Membrane-enclosed spheres in phagocytic cells that contain powerful digestive enzymes.
f. nucleoplasm
g. lysosomes
h. mitochondria
i. phagocytosis

The "powerhouse" of the cell.
g. lysosomes
h. mitochondria
i. phagocytosis
j. pinocytosis

a gel-like fluid found in the eukaryotic nucleus.
e. ribosomes
f. nucleoplasm
g. lysosomes
h. mitochondria

a folded inner membrane found in mitochondria.
a. volutin
b. plasmids
c. cristae

Sometimes contributes to movement of a cell.
j. pinocytosis
k. cytoplasmic streaming
l. mycolic acid

Found in the walls of acid-fast bacteria.
i. phagocytosis
j. pinocytosis
k. cytoplasmic streaming
l. mycolic acid

Arrangement of flagella distributed over the entire cell.
e. hook
f. peritrichous
g. amohitrichous
h. lophtrichous

Flagella at both poles of the cell.
f. peritrichous
g. amohitrichous
h. lophtrichous
i. monotrichous

A widening at the base of the flagellar filament.
c. chitin
d. lysozyme
e. hook
f. peritrichous

An enzyme affecting gram-positive cell walls; found in tears.
a. Exocytosis
b. Dipicolinic acid
c. chitin
d. lysozyme

A compound found in bacterial endospores.
a. Exocytosis
b. Dipicolinic acid
c. chitin
d. lysozyme

A compound frequently found in the cell walls of yeasts.
a. Exocytosis
b. Dipicolinic acid
c. chitin
d. lysozyme

No flagella.

i. monotrichous
j. atrichous
k. grappling hook model
l. flagellin

A tuft of flagella at one pole of the cell.

h. lophtrichous
i. monotrichous
j. atrichous
k. grappling hook model
l. flagellin

Twitching motility.
i. monotrichous
j. atrichous
k. grappling hook model
l. flagellin

Closely involved in protein synthesis.
a. Phospholipid bilayer
b. transverse septum
c. microtubules
d. ribosomes

Structure(s) characteristic of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic plasma membranes.
a. Phospholipid bilayer
b. transverse septum
c. microtubules
d. ribosomes

Found in the flagella and cilia of eukaryotic cells
a. Phospholipid bilayer
b. transverse septum
c. microtubules
d. ribosomes

Highly resistant bodies formed by a few bacterial species.
a. plasmids
b. endospores
c. pseudomurein
d. metrix
e. pleomorphic

Small circular DNA molecules that are not connected with the main chromosomes.
a. plasmids
b. endospores
c. pseudomurein
d. metrix
e. pleomorphic

The semifluid center portion of the mitochondrion.
a. plasmids
b. endospores
c. pseudomurein
d. metrix
e. pleomorphic

A substance similar to peptidoglycan that is found in the cell wall of archaea.
a. plasmids
b. endospores
c. pseudomurein
d. metrix
e. pleomorphic

Bacteria with irregular morphology.
a. plasmids
b. endospores
c. pseudomurein
d. metrix
e. pleomorphic

Extracellular polymeric substances on some bacterial cells; may help cells adhere to surfaces.
a. glycocalyx
b. pilin
c. gram-positive
d. gram-negative
e. contrioles
f. L form

Bacterial cell with thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide.
a. glycocalyx
b. pilin
c. gram-positive
d. gram-negative
e. contrioles
f. L form

Protein that forms fimbriae.
a. glycocalyx
b. pilin
c. gram-positive
d. gram-negative
e. contrioles
f. L form

Bundles of microtubules that probably play a role in cell division of eukaryotic cells.
a. glycocalyx
b. pilin
c. gram-positive
d. gram-negative
e. contrioles
f. L form

Bacteria that have lost their cell walls and may later spontaneously regain them.
a. glycocalyx
b. pilin
c. gram-positive
d. gram-negative
e. contrioles
f. L form

Lipid A and O polysaccharide are found on this type of bacteria.
a. glycocalyx
b. pilin
c. gram-positive
d. gram-negative
e. contrioles
f. L form

Er associated with ribosomes.
a. septum
b. forespore
c. rough ER
d. smooth ER
e basal body

Ingrowth of plasma membrane before endospore formation.
a. septum
b. forespore
c. rough ER
d. smooth ER
e basal body

Anchors the flagella of bacteria to the cell wall and plasma membrane.
a. septum
b. forespore
c. rough ER
d. smooth ER
e basal body

chemically the capsule is a(n) ________________, a polypeptide, or both

Capsules protect pathogenic bacteria from _________, a process by which protective host cells engulf and destroy microorganisms.

The Golgi complex consists of flattened sacs called ________ that are connected to the endoplasmic reticulum

The ________ means a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside.

The ______ complex consists of four to eight flattened that are connected to the endoplasmic reticulum