immersion oil improves ________
RESOLUTION by increasing numerical aperture and allowing light to travel at a uniform speed
empty magnification: increasing _______, without increasing __________
magnification, resolution
phase contrast microscope: used to visualize _______
flagella
(4) associated with electron microscope
1. magnetic field
2. electron beam
3. vacuum
4. fluorescent screen
patient suffering from tuberculosis could be diagnosed with what stain?
acid fast
refraction of radiation as it passes through a lens produces ____________
magnification
(4) associated with phase microscopes
1. prisms
2. phase plate
3. unstained specimens
4. Nomarski microscope
physical characteristics rely on the ___________ of the organism
morphology
Robert Whitaker proposed (4)
Fungi, Plantae, Protista, Animalia
Kingdoms in the Linnaeus system are: (2)
Plantae, Animalia
structure that appears in a transmission electron micrograph but which is not actually present in the specimen is known as a ___________
artifact
(2) stains that use heat to drive the stain in
1. endospore stain
2. acid fast stain
rules of naming organisms _________
nomenclature
size of most cells is measured in _____________
micrometers
killing the microbes in the specimen, fixation using methanol or formalin, spreading the specimen onto a slide, and fixating using heat are all associated with ________
smear preparation
gram stains work due to differences in the __________ of bacteria
cell walls
Malachite green is used in ________ stain procedures
endospore
Characteristics of genus includes: (4)
1. it is one of two names used to identify organism
2. always capitalized
3. either underlined or in italics
4. written before the specific epithet
Carl Woese proposed _____________
differences in ribosome RNA
Why are modern light microscopes better than the ones Leeuwenhoek used?
1. Modern microscopes are compound instead of simple
2. better five fold resolution
magnifying lenses (2)
1. ocular
2. objective
types of light microscopes include (4)
1. phase contrast
2. confocal
3. fluorescent
4. bright field microscope
a cells GC ratio is associated with ________
analysis of nucleic acid
Gram positive= _________
Gram negative= _________ or __________
purple
pink//colorless
components of electron microscope stains (4)
1. uranium
2. lead
3. tungsten
4. osmium
cellular organelles and viruses are measured in _____________
nanometers
microscopy refers to the _________
passage of light or electrons of wavelengths through lenses to magnify objects, provides resolution and contrast
staining techniques are used to _______ contrast between object and background
enhance
simple microscope uses _______ magnifying lens
compound microscope uses _________ magnifying lens
single, series
lens closest to the object being magnified
objective lens
objective lens' attached to the __________
nosepiece
lens closest to the eyes
ocular lens
lens that lie beneath the stage and direct light through the slide
condenser
magnification of the objective lens X ocular lens
total magnification
a photograph of a microscopic image
micrograph
microscope that provides a dark background for small colorless specimen
dark field microscope
microscope such as phase contrast used to view cilia and flagella
phase microscope
microscope that uses UV light and fluorescent dyes to fluoresce specimens and enhance contrast
fluorescent micriscope
microscope that used fluorescent dyes in conjunction with computers to provide 3D images
confocal microscope
Electromagnetic spectrum:
smallest wave=
biggest
Typical bacteria and archae is how big?
smallest- gamma
biggest- radio
1 um
Contrast-image compare to _____
important in determining ________
surrounding
resolution
Dark Field Microscope:
used for pale _______
ex:
unstained objects
ex: spirochete
Staining:
Acidic-
Basic
acidic: alkalyne
basic: acidic
crystal violet aka ______ stain
primary
scientist who classified/ grouped similar organisms into categories
called "species"
Linnaeus
taxonomic identifying chracteristics: (5)
1. physical characteristics
2. Biochemical tests
3. Serological tests
4. phage type
5. analysis of nucleic acids
microscope that provides an image produced by the transmission of electrons through a sliced dehydrated specimen
transmission electron microscope
staining:
passing the slide through a flame- ________
applying a chemical to attach the specimen to the slide- _______
heat fixation
chemical fixation
2 dyes used to stain different portions of an organism
positive ion:
negative ion:
basic, acidic
simple stains process:
soaking the smear with ONE dye, rinsing with water
Differential stains: (3) use more than one dye
gram, acid fast, endospore
gram stains work because:
different of cell walls in bacteria
gram stain procedure includes: (4)
primary stain, mordant, decolorizer, counter stain
used to diagnose TB test: _________ stain
acid fast
dyes that stain the background and leave the cells colorless are called-
negative or capsule
_______ are non-overlapping groups of organisms that are studied and named in taxonomy
taxa
rules of _________ used to name organisms
nomenclature
Carolous Linnaeus system of taxonomy grouping: (8)
OSGFOCPK
organisms, species, genera, families, orders, classes, phyla, kingdom
Binomial nomenclature includes: (2)
genus name and specific epithet
Carl Woese (3) taxonomic domains
Bacteria, archae, eukaryote