-invented the 1st lens called microscope.
-called microbes animalcules

-invented pasteurization
-disproved spontaneous generation
-founder of microbiology

-disproved spontaneous generation
-demonstrated hand washing decreased infection.

discovered antibiotic pennicillin

first to challenge spontaneous generations
demostrated that maggots come from eggs of flies
described details of many parasites

-organized classification of microorganisms
-discovered life's 3rd domain

-father of antiseptic surgery
-using phenol as antiseptic

founder of modern bacteriology
developed ways of staining bacteria to improve bacteria's visibility under the microscope
able to identify the bacterial cause of tuberculosis and cholera

invented small pox vaccine

discovered cell theory

developed concept of bio genesis stating all life must arise from something living.

living things came from non-living things like decomposing matter

human disease can arise from infection

living things can only come from other living things

producing disease

when bacteria divides in two equal parts

1857-1914
most pathogenic bacteria were identified

naming of microorganism
1st genus (capitalized)
2nd species (lowercase)
EX: Escherichia Coli First set is genus second is species

-disease
-biodegradation
-cheese production
-nitrogen recycling

heat resistant forms of bacteria

can cause disease

coccus(spherical), bacillus (rod), sprial

protists

roundworms and tapeworms

-contain both protein and nucleic acid
-infect all domains of life
-acellular
-need a living cell or host to replicate
-no cell wall and no cell membrane
-cannot be cured by medicine, sometimes vaccine helps
-obligate intracellular parasites ****

unicellular, prokaryotic
reproduce by binary fision
photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
cell wall of peptidogycan
no nuclear membrane but has genetic material residing in region called nucleoid

genetic information

peptic ulcer

a cell membrane

bacteria and archaea

are microscopic and are found in extreme enviornments
are unicellular, prokaryotic, cell walls not of peptidoglycan.

unicellular (yeast) multicellular (mold- can be seen w/o microscopes)
cell walls of chitin
reproduce sexually and asexually
deigest decaying matter or organic compounds such as food (live off dead matter)

unicellular, eukaryotic, no cells walls, classified by movement (motility).
reproduce sexually and asexually

unicellular and multicellular
eukaryotic
cell walls of cellulose
photosynthesis(use sunlight for energy)
produce oxygen and organic compounds
live in water

viroids (single, short RNA molecule)
Prions (consist of only protein)

heat resistance

microorganisms

-causing disease
-treating disease
-preparing food
-cleaning up pollutants

true

algae and fungi

a living cell

many cells, very complex, can be seen by human eyes
ex. we are made of multicellular cells, humans, birds, animals, bugs

single cell, made of one cell, very simple cells, cannot be seen by human eyes
ex: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi

(a)=without.. acellular=no cell
ex: virus, viroids, prion

bacteria, archaea

fungi, algae, protozoa, helminth

E coli, anthrax, semolina, MRSA

yeast, mold, mushroom

maleria, plasmodia, amoeba

HIV, common cold, influenza

common in plants, humans can catch similar

mad cow disease, kuru

single cell organism, have no membrane enclosed organelles, only one membrane surrounding entire cell

have membrane enclosed organelles, nucleus, multicellular and unicellular organisms

living things are made of cell and accellular organisms are not living

1. heat resistant spores were present in some broths.
2. some stoppers (corks) used to seal flasks were not effective.

Pasteur's experiment showing that sterile medium in swan necked flasks open to the air would remain sterile indefinitely if they were not tipped.

they were not killed by heating and they were not visible to the naked eye

1.converting nitrogen in usable form
2. photosynthetic replenishing oxygen

1.fermentation of dairy products
2. degrading environmental pollutants
3. creation of antibiotics

1. reproduction of vaccination against certain diseases
2. diseases under control by antimicrobial medications become resistant to medications
3. the aging population is more susceptible to infectious diseases

the human body is an ecological location that provides many of the requirements that bacteria require to grow. Organisms that have the ability to invade our cells or damage our tissues have access to additional nutrients.

bacteria contain the usual compound peptidoglycan in their cell wall whereas the archaea dont

1. prokaryotes have no true nucleus, eukayotes do
2. prokaryotes dont have membrane bounded internal structures

viruses- consist of a protein coat surrounding either DNA or RNA
viroids- consist only of RNA
prions- consist only of protein

viroids have not been shown to cause human disease and prions are responsible rarely for diseases in human.

viruses, bacteria, eukaryotic cells

free living organisms must have the necessary equipment to sustain life, including all of the required macro molecules.. they must be large enough to contain these macromolecules

Pasteur demonstrated that swan necked flasks containing sterile growth medium would remain sterile indefinitely if the bend in the flask did not come in contact with the medium

1. Nitrogen would not be available in a form that humans and plants could use
2. The supply of Oxygen would be depleted after about 20 years if microorganisms were not available to replenish it.
3. A wide variety of materials would pile up if microorganisms were not present to degrade them.

1. Their role in food and beverage production
2. Role in pollutant degradation
3. Synthesis of cmmercially valuable products
4. Their importance in synthesizing medically imp products following genetic modification
5. Their importance as model organisms for the study of universal biological processes

1. Aging population is more susceptible to disease
2. Organisms controlled by antimicrobial medications have become resistant to the medication
3. children are not being routinely vaccinated against many disease

Bacterial and Archaea

extreme conditions such as hot springs of yellowstone national park

viruses dont have all the machinery necessary to live and so they must use that of a host cell in order to replicate.

1. small size
2. ability to pass through cork stoppers
3. heat resistance
4. presence in all infusions
5. presence on cotton plugs

most pathogonic bacterial were identified