Leeuwehoek
-invented the 1st lens called microscope.
-called microbes animalcules
Pasteur
-invented pasteurization
-disproved spontaneous generation
-founder of microbiology
semmelweiss
-disproved spontaneous generation
-demonstrated hand washing decreased infection.
Flemming
discovered antibiotic pennicillin
redi (fransico)
first to challenge spontaneous generations
demostrated that maggots come from eggs of flies
described details of many parasites
Woese
-organized classification of microorganisms
-discovered life's 3rd domain
Lister
-father of antiseptic surgery
-using phenol as antiseptic
robert Koch
founder of modern bacteriology
developed ways of staining bacteria to improve bacteria's visibility under the microscope
able to identify the bacterial cause of tuberculosis and cholera
Jenner
invented small pox vaccine
Hooke
discovered cell theory
Virchow
developed concept of bio genesis stating all life must arise from something living.
spontaneous generation
living things came from non-living things like decomposing matter
germ theory
human disease can arise from infection
biogenesis
living things can only come from other living things
pathogenic
producing disease
binary fision
when bacteria divides in two equal parts
golden age of microbiology
1857-1914
most pathogenic bacteria were identified
nomenclature
naming of microorganism
1st genus (capitalized)
2nd species (lowercase)
EX: Escherichia Coli First set is genus second is species
Microorganism play a role in
-disease
-biodegradation
-cheese production
-nitrogen recycling
endospores
heat resistant forms of bacteria
pathogens
can cause disease
bacteria shapes
coccus(spherical), bacillus (rod), sprial
algae and protozoa is also referred to as
protists
helminths
roundworms and tapeworms
virus
-contain both protein and nucleic acid
-infect all domains of life
-acellular
-need a living cell or host to replicate
-no cell wall and no cell membrane
-cannot be cured by medicine, sometimes vaccine helps
-obligate intracellular parasites ****
bacteria
unicellular, prokaryotic
reproduce by binary fision
photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
cell wall of peptidogycan
no nuclear membrane but has genetic material residing in region called nucleoid
Neucleotides are associated with
genetic information
which disease was once thought to be due to stress but is now a cause of bacterium
peptic ulcer
prokaryotes typically do not have
a cell membrane
the prokaryotes of the microbial world include
bacteria and archaea
Archaea
are microscopic and are found in extreme enviornments
are unicellular, prokaryotic, cell walls not of peptidoglycan.
Fungi
unicellular (yeast) multicellular (mold- can be seen w/o microscopes)
cell walls of chitin
reproduce sexually and asexually
deigest decaying matter or organic compounds such as food (live off dead matter)
protozoa
unicellular, eukaryotic, no cells walls, classified by movement (motility).
reproduce sexually and asexually
Algae
unicellular and multicellular
eukaryotic
cell walls of cellulose
photosynthesis(use sunlight for energy)
produce oxygen and organic compounds
live in water
parts of viruses
viroids (single, short RNA molecule)
Prions (consist of only protein)
The property of endospores that led to confusion in the experiments of spontaneous generation is their:
heat resistance
Cellulose is a major component of plants and is only directly digested by
microorganisms
microorganisms are involved in
-causing disease
-treating disease
-preparing food
-cleaning up pollutants
Viruses, viroids and prions are obligate intracellular agents true or false
true
which are single celled and multicellular
algae and fungi
viruses can only be grown in
a living cell
multicellular
many cells, very complex, can be seen by human eyes
ex. we are made of multicellular cells, humans, birds, animals, bugs
unicellular
single cell, made of one cell, very simple cells, cannot be seen by human eyes
ex: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi
acellular
(a)=without.. acellular=no cell
ex: virus, viroids, prion
ex of prokaryotic cells
bacteria, archaea
ex of eukaryotic cells
fungi, algae, protozoa, helminth
ex of bacteria
E coli, anthrax, semolina, MRSA
ex of fungi
yeast, mold, mushroom
ex of protozoa
maleria, plasmodia, amoeba
ex of viruses
HIV, common cold, influenza
ex of viroids
common in plants, humans can catch similar
ex of prions
mad cow disease, kuru
prokaryotic cells
single cell organism, have no membrane enclosed organelles, only one membrane surrounding entire cell
eukaryotic cells
have membrane enclosed organelles, nucleus, multicellular and unicellular organisms
according to cell theory
living things are made of cell and accellular organisms are not living
give 2 reasons why it took so long to disprove spontaneous generation
1. heat resistant spores were present in some broths.
2. some stoppers (corks) used to seal flasks were not effective.
what experiment disproved the notion that a vital force in air was responsible for spontaneous generation?
Pasteur's experiment showing that sterile medium in swan necked flasks open to the air would remain sterile indefinitely if they were not tipped.
what conclusions could Tyndall reach on the properties of the agent that entered the broth from hay
they were not killed by heating and they were not visible to the naked eye
describe two microbial activities essential to life and 3 that make our lives comfortable
1.converting nitrogen in usable form
2. photosynthetic replenishing oxygen
1.fermentation of dairy products
2. degrading environmental pollutants
3. creation of antibiotics
describe 3 reasons why some diseases re emerge
1. reproduction of vaccination against certain diseases
2. diseases under control by antimicrobial medications become resistant to medications
3. the aging population is more susceptible to infectious diseases
why would it seem logical, even inevitable, that at least some bacteria would attack the human body and cause disease
the human body is an ecological location that provides many of the requirements that bacteria require to grow. Organisms that have the ability to invade our cells or damage our tissues have access to additional nutrients.
Name one feature that distinguishes members of bacteria from the archaea
bacteria contain the usual compound peptidoglycan in their cell wall whereas the archaea dont
list 2 features that distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes
1. prokaryotes have no true nucleus, eukayotes do
2. prokaryotes dont have membrane bounded internal structures
describe chemical compositionn of viruses, viroids and prions
viruses- consist of a protein coat surrounding either DNA or RNA
viroids- consist only of RNA
prions- consist only of protein
Which of the non living members of the microbial world seems to be least threat to human health
viroids have not been shown to cause human disease and prions are responsible rarely for diseases in human.
arrange from smallest to largest
viruses, bacteria, eukaryotic cells
what factors limits the size of free living cells
free living organisms must have the necessary equipment to sustain life, including all of the required macro molecules.. they must be large enough to contain these macromolecules
How did louis Pasteur help disprove spontaneous generation
Pasteur demonstrated that swan necked flasks containing sterile growth medium would remain sterile indefinitely if the bend in the flask did not come in contact with the medium
Gvie 3 reasons why life could not exist without the activities of microorganisms
1. Nitrogen would not be available in a form that humans and plants could use
2. The supply of Oxygen would be depleted after about 20 years if microorganisms were not available to replenish it.
3. A wide variety of materials would pile up if microorganisms were not present to degrade them.
List 5 benefical applications of bacteria
1. Their role in food and beverage production
2. Role in pollutant degradation
3. Synthesis of cmmercially valuable products
4. Their importance in synthesizing medically imp products following genetic modification
5. Their importance as model organisms for the study of universal biological processes
State 3 reasons why there is a resurgence of infectious diseases today
1. Aging population is more susceptible to disease
2. Organisms controlled by antimicrobial medications have become resistant to the medication
3. children are not being routinely vaccinated against many disease
Name the prokaryotic group
Bacterial and Archaea
Archaea are found where
extreme conditions such as hot springs of yellowstone national park
why are viruses not microorganism
viruses dont have all the machinery necessary to live and so they must use that of a host cell in order to replicate.
The property of endospores that led to confusionn in the experiments on spontaneous generation is their:
1. small size
2. ability to pass through cork stoppers
3. heat resistance
4. presence in all infusions
5. presence on cotton plugs
The golden age of microbiology was the time when:
most pathogonic bacterial were identified