Sonography: Sectional Anatomy 1 Flashcards

Systematic and accurate identification and description of the human body, layer by layer

CAT or CT Scan

Computed tomography, is a diagnostic medical test that produces multiple images or pictures of the inside of the body.

The cross-sectional images generated during a CT scan can be reformatted in multiple planes, and can even generate three-dimensional images. These images can be viewed on a computer monitor, printed on film or transferred to a CD or DVD.

MRI

DO NOT GO in MRI Room

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within your body.

Most MRI machines are large, tube-shaped magnets. When you lie inside an MRI machine, the magnetic field temporarily realigns hydrogen atoms in your body. Radio waves cause these aligned atoms to produce very faint signals, which are used to create cross-sectional MRI images — like slices in a loaf of bread.

PET

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that helps reveal how your tissues and organs are functioning. A PET scan uses a radioactive drug (tracer) to show this activity.

The tracer may be injected, swallowed or inhaled, depending on which organ or tissue is being studied by the PET scan. The tracer collects in areas of your body that have higher levels of chemical activity, which often correspond to areas of disease. On a PET scan, these areas show up as bright spots.

uses computer-processed x-rays to produce tomographic images (virtual 'slices') of specific areas of the scanned object, allowing the user to see what is inside it without cutting it open.

toward the front

toward the back

toward the middle

toward the right and left side

toward the outside

Deep

toward the attachment point

away from the attachment point

divides the body into anterior and posterior

divides the body into right and left

divides the body into superior and inferior

sagittal plane

transverse

bump on transducer used to orientate scans

patient right

patient left

Baby kidney

Coronal Right Lateral View

Coronal left Lateral View

Sagittal Anterior View

Sagittal Posterior View

Transverse Anterior View

Transverse Posterior View

Transverse Right-Lateral View

Transverse Left-Lateral View

Contains the cranial & vertebral cavities

Subdivided include Thoracic & Peritoneal Cavities

Contains lungs, heart, and the organs of the mediastinum

Sub-divisions include the abdominal and pelvic cavity

Contains the greater and lesser sacs

Bound superiorly by the diaphragm . anteriorly by the abdominal wall muscles, posteriorly by the vertebral column, ribs and iliac fossa, inferiorly by the pelvis.

Organs include stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, large intestine, and adrenal glands.

Subdivisions include pelvis major and pelvis minor

also known as the general cavity (of the abdomen), is the cavity in the abdomen that is inside the peritoneum but outside of the lesser sac.

lesser sac is a diverticulum of the greater sac and is behind the stomach

The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. Usually found in mammals, it is connected with the greater sac via the Epiploic Foramen Winslow.

This is where the greater and lesser sac connect.

a double-walled serous membrane that secretes serious fluid (lubricant). This is a closed sac *except in females where the Fallopian tubes open to the ovaries.

the outside layer that lines the gut (cavity)

the inside layer that lines organs

attaches small bowel

anchors the small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall. Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics branch through the mesentery to supply the intestine.

attaches stomach to adjacent abdominal organs consists of ligimental folds of peritoneum that holds organ to organ

extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and then attaches to the anterior aspect of transverse colon.

attaches to the large intestines

Liver
Gall bladder
Spleen
Stomach
Intestines
Ovaries - partially
first section of the duodenum

kidneys
ureters
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas
Aorta
Inferior Vena Cava
Urinary Bladder
Uterus
Prostate
Ascending Colon
Prostate
Ascending Colon
Descending Colon
Duodenum
Abdominal Lymph Nodes

above the transverse colon

The right and left subphrenic spaces lie between the diaphragm and the liver, one on each side of the falciform ligament.

The left is closest to the stomach

right subhepatic is a potential space that exists posterior to the right lob of the liver, also called Morrison's space

left subhepatic space is a potential space that exists posterior to the left lobe of the liver.

Potential space between right liver lobe and right kidney.

Fluid builds up in this space.

in between the large intestines

troughlike spaces located lateral to the ascending and descending colon

Right Mesenteric gutter medial to ascending colon
Left Mesenteric gutter medial to the descending colon

contains the kidneys, renal vessels and proximal collecting systems, adrenal glands and an adequate amount of fat, surrounded by the Gerota's fascia

important because infection may collect here.

Subdivided into anterior and posterior

Anterior pararenal space contains the duodenum, pancreas and retroperitoneal segments of the ascending and descending colon. It also contains the roots of the small bowel mesentery and transverse mesocolon.

Posterior pararenal space contains no major organs

Also called Pouch of Douglas or recto-uterine sac

There are two small pouches close to the uterus, one on either side, called the cul-de-sacs. The anterior cul-de-sac is located between the bladder and the uterus. The posterior cul-de-sac is found between the uterus and the rectum.

Gerota's fascia

surrounds the Perirenal space

a thin lamina that passes around the front of the kidney and variably interleaves with the opposite anterior fascia

the ability to bounce an echo, e.g. return the signal in ultrasound examinations. In other words, Echogenicity is higher when the surface bouncing the sound echo reflects increased sound wave

Parenchyma is the bulk of a substance

Homogeneous or uniform echo texture with ranges in echogenicity.

*Liver parachyma could be described as homogeneous and moderately echogenic

Dark compared to organs

Homogeneous or uniform echo texture with low echogenicity.

Muscle typically appear hypoechoic (darker) or less echogenic (bright) relative to other organ or body structure. Skeletal muscle bundles are distinctly separated by bright symmetric bands of fibroadipose sepatate that appears hyperechoic.

Echo texture changes throughout a pregnancy from homogeneous of uniform with moderate to high echogenicity to heterogeneous or mixed echo pattern when interrupted by multiple vascular components

Bright compared to adjacent structures

Echo texture is homogeneous or uniform and moderately echogenic. (bright)

Margins appear very bright of hyperechoic compared with adjacent structures

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Appear Black

Lumen appears anechoic (Black; echo free)

walls appear bright; highly echogenic or hyperechic compared with adjacent structures.

Walls are thin and gerally appear hypoechoic or less echogenic compared with adjacent structures

The appearance of the lumen varies depending on its contents

Fluid filled appears anechoic (black)

gas or air-filled lumen will appear bright, highly echogenic, and generally hyperchoic

The lumen can also have a complex or mixed appearance.

All or individual sections of the GI tract may cast a posterior shadow where gas is present in the lumen

Enpty collapsed bowel has a distinctive "bulls eye" appearance

Very Bright

Appear echogenic and vary in brightness depending on the density of the structure, its distance from the sound beam, and the angle at which the beam strikes the structure

these structures either reflect or attenuate the sound beam, they appear hyperechoic or brighter compared with adjacent structures and they may cast a posterior shadow

Very Bright

Appear echogenic and vary in brightness depending on the density of the structure, its distance from the sound beam, and the angle at which the beam strikes the structure

these structures either reflect or attenuate the sound beam, they appear hyperechoic or brighter compared with adjacent structures and they may cast a posterior shadow

Very Bright

Appear echogenic and vary in brightness depending on the density of the structure, its distance from the sound beam, and the angle at which the beam strikes the structure

these structures either reflect or attenuate the sound beam, they appear hyperechoic or brighter compared with adjacent structures and they may cast a posterior shadow

Very Bright

Appear echogenic and vary in brightness depending on the density of the structure, its distance from the sound beam, and the angle at which the beam strikes the structure

these structures either reflect or attenuate the sound beam, they appear hyperechoic or brighter compared with adjacent structures and they may cast a posterior shadow

Very Bright

Appear echogenic and vary in brightness depending on the density of the structure, its distance from the sound beam, and the angle at which the beam strikes the structure

these structures either reflect or attenuate the sound beam, they appear hyperechoic or brighter compared with adjacent structures and they may cast a posterior shadow

Very Bright

Appear echogenic and vary in brightness depending on the density of the structure, its distance from the sound beam, and the angle at which the beam strikes the structure

these structures either reflect or attenuate the sound beam, they appear hyperechoic or brighter compared with adjacent structures and they may cast a posterior shadow

Very Bright

Appear echogenic and vary in brightness depending on the density of the structure, its distance from the sound beam, and the angle at which the beam strikes the structure

these structures either reflect or attenuate the sound beam, they appear hyperechoic or brighter compared with adjacent structures and they may cast a posterior shadow

Right Hypochondrium

Left Hypochondrium

Epigastrium

Right Lumbar

Left Lumbar

Umbilical

Hypogastrium

Left Iliac

Right Upper Quadrant

Left Upper Quadrant

Right Lower Quadrant

Left Lower Quadrant

divides each clavicle at its medium

level of the first lumbar vertebra

level of the third lumbar vertebra

level of the surface of the iliac crest

belly button

is a small cartilaginous process (extension) of the lower part of the sternum

the lower edge of the chest (thorax) formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage

The iliac crest is the curved superior border of the ilium

the imaginary line that divides the body into equal right and left halves

is a midline or secondary cartilaginous joint located between the left and right pubic bones of the median plane

the bone forming the lateral thoracic wall,

...

commonly known as the breastbone

well-defined, triangular depression in the lower front of the human throat. It rests between the collarbones and is defined by the large sternocleidomastoid muscles on either side of the front-facing surface of the neck.

divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts

regular pattern

describes uniform or similar echo patterns of organ parenchyma on a sonographic image

black

echo-free

equal

same echogenicity

irregular pattern

describes irregular or mixed echo patterns of organ parenchyma on a sonographic image

brighter

Increased echogenicity or an area where the echo are brighter relative to surrounding structures

darker

Decreased echogenicity or an area where the echo are darker relative to surrounding structures

infiltrative disease throughout an organ that disrupts the otherwise normal sonographic appearance of an organ parenchyma

1. origin - intraorgan or extraorgan
2. size
3. composition
4. number
5. any associated comp. with adjacent organs

represents a circumscribed mass or multiple masses

originates within the organ

features
disruption of the normal internal architecture
external bulging of organ capsule
displacement of adjacent body structures

originates outside the organ

features
displacement of other organs or structures
obstruction of other organs or structures from view
internal invagination of organ capsules
discontinuity of organ capsule

made of tissue

neoplasms - abnormal growth of existing tissue, either benign or malignant

*What type of tissue
*the degree of density
*effects on internal architecture

*must appear anechoic with no internal echoes
*walls must be well defined, thin, and smooth
*exhibit posterior through transmission

* far in the body beyond the focal point of the transducer. not enough sound waves are being generated to pass through the fluid to create enhancement effects

* located directly anterior to a bony structure, which absorbs the waves, preventing through transmission

accumulation of serous fluid anywhere in the abdominopelvic cavity

collection of fluid around the outside of the lungs

thin, membranous inclusions found in some cystic masses

containing both fluid and tissue components

maybe primarily cystic or primarily solid

wall vary from well-defined and smooth to porrly-defined and irregular