7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4-5 coccygeal

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Sacral and Thoracic

Cervical and Lumbar

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

4

anteriorly concave curvatures in the vertebral column

anteriourly convex curvatures in the vertebral column

at three months when an infant is able to hold its head erect

When the toddler tries to stand at the age of 9-10 months

connects posteriorly with two vertebral arches

formed by the fusing together of the two V.arches, contains the spinal cord, meninges, roots, vessels, and other tissue

extends posteriorly from the point of fusion of the two V. arches

adjascent part of the body of the vertebra

Continues posteriorly from the pedicle

made of up of the Pedicle and the Lamina

a bony extension on each one of the vertebral arches

found at the junction of the pedicle and lamina, on each side, projecting UPWARD

found at the junction of the pedicle and lamina, on each side, projecting DOWNWARD

Found on each articular process, it is an aticular surface made of hyaline cartilage, and is the site of articulation b/t the vertebrae

found b/t the articular process and the vertebral body, the bone has an indentation or depression

formed from the articulation of the vertebral notches of vertebrae to vertebral column, and transmit nerve roots

Transmit the vertebral artery on each side, develops as a result of incomplete fusion of the vertebral and costal elements of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae during development

originates from the subclavian arteries on each side, & provide the major blood supply to the spinal cord & brain stem, as well as partial blood supply to the brain

have smaller bodies
larger vertebral foramen
have transverse foramen
have bifid spinous processes

C1
NO body
large vertebral foramen for DENS
NO spinous process

C2
Has an odontoid process
has an apex and two articular facets

the spinal cord and its surrounding meninges, nerve roots and spinal vessels, CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) and fat tissue

The meninges consist of three membranes, dura, pia, and arachnoid mater.

Dura mater, Pia Mater, and arachnoid Mater

outer layer of the meningeal membranes
Extends down to S2

innnermost meningeal membrane, closely attached to the spinal cord
Extends to the Coccyx
Covers blood vessels

middle meningeal membrane

entension of pia mater from the surface of the spinal cord to the arachnoid mater, and supports the spinal cord in the vertebral canal, and separate the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal nerves

DRG (dorsal root ganglion) on each side, and the spinal roots and vessels pass through the foramen

Verterbral artery, on each side, and veins
C7 TF- contains the accessory vertebral vessels

asa result of incomplete fusion of the vertebral and costal elements of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae during development

-smaller bodies, or no body (Atlas C1)
-larger vertebral foramen
-have transverse foramen
-have bifid spinous process

There are 8 cervical nerves and 7 cervical vertebrae

C7- has a vertebral prominence that we can feel when we bend out necks forward, the first protrusion on our necks
-anterior tubercle on transverse process is missing

-DRG- Dorsal root ganglion (at the sides of the foramen)
-The three menengial layers:
a. Dura Mater
b. Arachnoid Mater
c. Pia Mater
-The spinal Cord
-blood vessels

3 parts

extends from the point of origin (at the subclavian artery) to the transverse foramen
insertion point is C6

found ascending in the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae
c6-c1

turns medially on the posterior arch of the atlas and is found in the sub occipital triangle

Postinferior Slope

body of the thoracic vertebrae have two costal facets that articulate with the head of the rib

-rectus capitis posterior major
-oblique capitis superior
-oblique capitis inferior

extends form the foramen magnum in the occipital lobe of the skull to L1 at the conus medullaris

the spinal stops at the film terminale (the spinal cord roots), which insert into the coccyx

- at the cervical region -which innervates the upper limbs
-at the lumbar region- which innervates the lower limbs

space between the vertebra and the dura mater- which contains adipose tissue

space between the dura and arachnoid mater

space between the arachnoid mater and the Pia mater, this space contains CSF

Clear fluid produced in the ventricles (the Coroid Plexus) of the brain, contains almost NO blood cells.

too much blood in the CSF-most easily seen during a lumbar puncture

sensory only
made up of the dorsal root and the ventral root coming together
NOT inside the Intervertebral foramen

go towards the back and innervate the back muscles

Spinal Block
Caudal Epidural Anesthesia

This kind of anesthesia will paralyze from iliac crest down. (anesthesia goes into the CSF)

Administered through the sacral hiatus
will anesthetize up to S2, maximum S1 (hocks the pelvic nerves)
Will maintain motor ability
Usually only administered for labor and delivery

made up of two parts:
Anulous Fibrosus- tough, made of fibrocartilage
Nucleus Pulposus- inner part of the I.D. remnants of embryonic tissue (starlight cells)
make up 20-25% of vertebral height

birth defect, where the babies are born without parts of the brain & skull, a type of neural tube defect. The upper part of the neural tube must close by the 24th day of conception, if not this results in the baby missing the forebrain, and the cerebellum (the thinking, and coordinating parts)

the name for C7

rectus capitis major
oblique capitis superior
oblique capitis inferior

temporary set of symptoms due to decreased blood flow in the posterior circulation of the brain.

Atlanto-occipital articulation

in the anterior aspect of the brain stem

the suboccipital cranial nerve
the 3rd part of the vertebral artery
C2 Sensory Nerve- Runs OVER the triangle

keeps the dens from posterior displacement

the cranial nerves will exit ABOVE the corresponding vertebra
i.e. CN1 exits about C1 and below the occipital bone.

5 vertebra
mammallary process on the posterior surface of the superior articulating process
Spinous process extends in the sagittal direction

located between the two hip bones
has a concave anterior
has a convex dorsal surface

anterior edge of the S1 vertebra

Exit point for the Cauda Equina and the surrounding meninges, to continue downward

located in the lower part of the dorsal surface of the sacrum

2 sacral horns, that flank the sacral hiatus

4 rudamentary vertebrae that are fused together

happens in the nucleus pulposus, and usually lateral and posterior

longer spinous processes
body of the vertebrae have articular facets that articulate with the ribs

bony processes that appear superiorly on the articulating surfaces of the vertebrae, can cause pain and pinch nerves (osteoarthritis)

a raised area on the body of vertebrae that over time can cause a crack on I.D.

Pain in the coccyx

Formation of bone via hyaline cartilage model

Formation of bone from mesenchyme cells, from within the bone

During puberty, once all growth is completed

AKA Secondary joints-occur b/t the uncinate processes and the inferolateral surfaces of the vertebral bodies superior to them in the cervical region

articulations between the facets of the vertebral articular processes

consist of the medial and lateral atlanto-axial articulations between the atlas and the axis

prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column, extends from atlas to sacrum

2- Superficial and Deep

continuation of the tectoral membrane originating from the foramen magnum in the skull, starts on the body of the axis

continuation of the cruciate ligament from the atlas & down to into the sacral canal

prevents hyperextension of the VC
Helps protect agains Posterior disc herniation

Brings the VC back to an erect position

Between the vertebral arches

b/t the spinous process of the vertebrae

spinous process of the vertebrae

b/t the transverse processes of the vertebrae

originates from the occipital bone, extends to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae and become continuous with the supraspinous ligaments

formed by the superior and inferior longitudinal bands, and the transverse ligament of the atlas

extends from the head of the odontoid process to the aneroid border of the foramen magnum

originate form both sides of the Odontoid process to the lateral borders of the foramen magnum