Chapter 22- Lymphatic System & Immunity Flashcards

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called __________.
complement
NK cells
lymphocytes
pathogens

Which lymphatic vessel collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation?
right jugular trunk
right lymphatic duct
intestinal trunk
thoracic duct

Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?
natural killer cell
B cell
cytotoxic T cell
helper T cell

Large lymphoid nodules found on the walls of the pharynx are the __________.
thymus
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
tonsils
spleen

The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, which consists of red and white pulp and is found attached to the lateral border of the stomach, is the __________.
thymus
spleen
MALT
tonsils

Which innate defense involves cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris?
inflammation
phagocytes
complement
immunological surveillance

Which cells are involved in immunological surveillance?
mast cells
B cells
cytotoxic T cells
natural killer cells

Which of the following is a localized tissue response to injury characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain?
inflammation
complement
interferons
phagocytosis

Which of the following is NOT an effect of complement activation?
stimulation of inflammation
release of pyrogens to cause a fever
destruction of target cell membranes
attraction of phagocytes

A child is given a vaccine to polio. What form of immunity does this represent?
artificially induced active immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
innate immunity
naturally acquired active immunity

What property of adaptive immunity allows a person to have the chickenpox when he is six years old and still be immune to chickenpox at age 45?
memory
tolerance
specificity
versatility

What type of cell surface protein is found only on antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes and allows them to communicate with each other?
CD4
MHC I
MHC II
CD8

What type of T cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells?
suppressor T cell
helper T cell
cytotoxic T cell
memory T cell

What is the name for the type of B cell that synthesizes and secretes large quantities of antibodies?
microphage
plasma cell
memory cell
NK cell

Which antibody is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen and is a pentamer (made of five antibody molecules)?
IgE
IgG
IgA
IgM

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary response to antigen exposure?
produces a large amount of IgG
inhibits the formation of an infection
is caused by memory B cells
does not peak until one to two weeks after antigen exposure

What type of immune disorder is characterized by autoantibodies that attack body cells and tissues?
hypersensitivity
immunodeficiency
autoimmune disorder
anaphylaxis

AIDS is an example of __________.
an immunodeficiency
an immune complex disorder
an autoimmune disorder
a hypersensitivity

Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the immune system?
Immune surveillance declines.
The number of helper T cells declines.
B cells are more receptive to antigens.
There is a decline in circulating thymic hormones.

The CNS can affect the lymphatic system by __________.
producing cytokines
innervating dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues and organs
All of the listed responses are correct.
decreasing immune function in times of emotional distress

Label the following components in the diagram of the lymphatic system.

Correctly match the terms with the appropriate structures of the lymph node.

Correctly identify the cells and structures involved in antibody-mediated immunity.

Place the following stages of a bacterial infection in the proper order from (1) through (6):

Inflammation, lymphokines, and monokines attract phagocytes.

Neutrophils and NK cells migrate into the infected area.

Pathogens are removed by macrophages as antibody clumping occurs.

B cells differentiate, and the number of plasma cells increases.

A gradual sustained increase in antibodies occurs.

Cytotoxic T cells appear.

Prevent the approach of and deny access to pathogens

Remove debris and pathogens

Destroys abnormal cells

Increases resistance of cells to viral infection

Attacks and breaks down target cell membranes, promoting phagocytosis

Mobilizes defenses and accelerates repairs

Genetically determined, no prior exposure or antibody production involved

Produced by transfer of antibodies from another person

Develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease

Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk

Develops after exposure to antigens in environment

Produced by exposure to an antigen, not present at birth

These originate as blind pockets, may contain lymphocytes and do contain walls with cells not tightly bound together.

Located in the mediastinum, this organ is largest in children but diminishes with age, and it is the site of T cell maturation.

Containing both red and white pulp, this is a site for the removal of abnormal blood cells and is used to initiate responses by B and T cells.

The smallest of organs, these may have a diameter of up to 1 inch and contain afferent and efferent lymphatics.

Most people have five of these structures, which are located in the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal areas.

The ability of the immune system to ignore normal, self antigens while responding to foreign, nonself antigens.

The ability of the immune system to respond to tens of thousands of antigens by producing an enormous number of lymphocyte populations, each with sensitivity to a unique set of antigens.

The ability of the immune system to produce a response to a particular antigen and no other. This is a result of the ability to activate specific lymphocytes.

The ability of the immune system to "remember" specific antigens through the production of memory cells, which are produced after an initial exposure and are saved in case of a second exposure to an antigen.

Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?
defense of the body against pathogens
defense of the body against cancer
transport of respiratory gases
defense of the body against pathogens and defense of the body against cancer
All of the listed responses are correct.

Adaptive responses __________.
include fever
target a specific antigen each time it is activated
respond to a variety of foreign antigens
include complement and interferons

The majority of lymph fluid in the body returns to the venous circulation via the __________.
right lymphatic duct
intestinal tract
cisterna chyli
thoracic duct

B lymphocytes are responsible for __________.
cell-mediated immunity
regulating the immune response
humoral immunity
immunological surveillance

T cells originate and complete their development in the __________.
thymus
bone marrow
lymph nodes
spleen

Lymphoid tissues __________.
are dominated by lymphocytes
lack a distinct boundary
are surrounded by a fibrous capsule
are dominated by lymphocytes and lack a distinct boundary
are dominated by lymphocytes and are surrounded by a fibrous capsule

Lymphoid organs include which of the following?
tonsils
spleen
gallbladder
spleen and tonsils
None of the listed responses is correct.

Lymph nodes function as __________.
filters
an early warning system
filters and an early warning system
None of the listed responses is correct.

The spleen __________.
produces a hormone that functions to mature lymphocytes
removes abnormal red blood cells from circulation
initiates the immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to circulating antigens
removes abnormal red blood cells from circulation and initiates the immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to circulating antigens
All of the listed responses are correct.

The smallest lymphatic vessels are called __________.
deep lymphatics
superficial lymphatics
lymph ducts
lymph capillaries

Which of the following is NOT a class of lymphocyte?
NK cells
neutrophils
T cells
B cells

Which of the following statements about B cells is INCORRECT?
B cells attack and kill cells infected with viruses.
B cells can become cells that secrete antibodies.
B cells account for 10–15 percent of circulating lymphocytes.
B cells can differentiate into plasma cells.

Which of the following statements concerning the thymus is INCORRECT?
The thymus reaches its greatest size after 25 years.
The capsule that covers the thymus divides it into thymic lobes.
Cells of the thymic cortex maintain the blood–thymus barrier and secrete thymosins.
Thymic lobules consist of a densely packed outer cortex and a paler central medulla.
The thymus lies behind the sternum.

Which of the following terms describes the degeneration of tissue cells that have been damaged or destroyed by injury?
necrosis
antigen processing
consolidation
fever

Which of the following are characteristics of free macrophages and microphages?
adhesion
chemotaxis
diapedesis
All of the listed responses are correct.

Natural killer cells destroy other cells by secreting __________.
perforins
lysozyme
cytokines
cytokines and lysozyme
None of the listed responses is correct.

Interferons __________.
are small proteins
slow the spread of viral infections
stimulate NK cell activity
All of the listed responses are correct.

Opsonization __________.
facilitates phagocytosis
inhibits phagocytosis
lyses cell membranes
All of the listed responses are correct.

Innate defenses include __________.
sweat and sebaceous glands of the skin, which aid in blocking the entry of harmful pathogens through the skin
natural killer cells, which destroy abnormal cells
pyrogens, the release of which can elevate body temperatures above 37.2°C
complement, a collection of proteins that can respond to the presence of antibodies on an abnormal cell and aid in the lysis of that cell
All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of phagocytic activity?
engulfing a pathogen or other foreign object and destroying that object by lysosomal enzymes
elevating body temperature to increase body metabolism and potentially limit bacteria and viruses
binding to or removing a pathogen from interstitial fluid and then destroying it with the help of other cells
releasing tumor necrosis factor, leading to the death of the targeted pathogen

Which of the following statements concerning inflammation and response to injury is INCORRECT?
Clotting factors and complement proteins leave the bloodstream and enter the injured area.
Fixed and free macrophages actively engulf pathogens and cell debris.
Debris and bacteria are attacked by neutrophils drawn to the area by chemotaxis.
Released histamine decreases capillary permeability and decreases blood flow through the area.

T cells are responsible for __________.
humoral immunity
cellular immunity
cell-mediated immunity
both cell-mediated immunity and cellular immunity

Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired active immunity?
Antibodies pass from mother to the developing child in the womb.
An adult contracts a streptococcus infection and recovers in a couple of weeks.
A child receives the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
A child bitten by a rabid animal receives an injection of rabies antibodies.
All of the listed responses are correct.

Cells of the immune system usually ignore antigens found in the body. This is called __________.
tolerance
specificity
versatility
memory
All of the listed responses are correct.

Many American children of the 1950s suffered terribly from the polio virus until the Salk and Sabin vaccines were developed. These vaccines introduced inactivated viruses into the bodies of the vaccine recipients. The type of immunity conferred through this method is called __________.
artificially acquired passive immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
innate immunity
artificially induced active immunity

CD4 and CD8 markers __________.
are produced and released into circulation by plasma cells
are used in the process of costimulation, a necessary activity for the activation of T cells
suppress the immune response after a specific response has been made
All of the listed responses are correct.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins are __________.
found only in lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
found in every nucleated cell in the body
found in every cell in the body
found only in foreign cells

MHC class II proteins are found __________.
in all nucleated cells in the body
only in lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
in all cells in the body
only in foreign proteins

Cytotoxic (killer) T cells can destroy a target cell by each of the following processes EXCEPT __________.
releasing lymphotoxin
secreting antibodies that destroy cell membranes
releasing perforin to rupture the cell membrane
activating genes that dictate the death of the target cell

The second response to a single antigen __________ the first response.
is weaker than
is stronger and longer-lasting than
is equal to
varies, depending on circumstances, with

Which cell is needed to activate B cells?
helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
plasma cells
phagocytes

The antigen-binding sites are found in the __________.
variable segments
light segments
constant segments
heavy segments

The antigen–antibody complex may result in __________.
agglutination
prevention of adhesion
complement activation
attraction of phagocytes
All of the listed responses are correct.

Which type of antibody is secreted first after the arrival of an antigen?
IgA
IgM
IgE
IGg

A fetus gains most of its immunity from __________.
IgG antibodies secreted by fetal T cells
IgA antibodies secreted by the placenta
IgM antibodies produced by its liver
IgG antibodies that cross the placenta from its mother

Which of the following diseases is caused by a retrovirus that targets helper T cells and is contracted by intimate contact with the body fluids of infected individuals?
filariasis
SCID
rheumatoid arthritis
AIDS
appendicitis

What are colony-stimulating factors?
cytokines that slow the growth of a tumor or kill sensitive tumor cells
cytokines that enable the producing cell of cell neighbors to be virus resistant
cytokines that stimulate B cell activity and T cell sensitivity
cytokines that stimulate the production of blood cells in bone marrow and lymphocytes in lymph organs and tissues

Which of the following is NOT a function of interleukin?
moderating the immune response
decreasing T cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes
enhancing nonspecific defenses
stimulating B cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production

A disorder in which the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues is known as an __________.
anaphylactic reaction
immunodeficiency disease
allergy
autoimmune disease

True/False. T cells produce antibodies, thus giving antibody-mediated immunity.

True/False. Immunosurveillance is an innate defense characterized by NK cells destroying cancer cells or cells infected with a virus.

True/False. Interferons are important in the resistance of tissues to viral infection.

True/False. Lymph is similar to plasma, except lymph contains more proteins.

True/False. The most abundant and diverse class of antibodies is the IgM class.

NK cells destroy other cells by releasing ___ from secretory vesicles.

The continued secretion of ___ during stress can inhibit the immune response and lower resistance to disease.

This saclike chamber collects lymph from the lower abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs. ___ ___ (Use two words.)

The cell that is not a specific immunity cell but a type of lymphocyte that provides immunosurveillance is called a(n) ___ cell.

The enhancement of phagocytosis caused by the coating of a pathogen with antibodies is called ____ .

To which of the following would the immune system NOT respond?
influenza virus
decreased levels of blood flow at the kidney
physical injury (penetration of a foreign object) to the skin
a parasitic worm
cancerous cell in the lung

The anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that CANNOT distinguish one potential threat from another are called __________.
abnormal nontoxicity
the immune response
innate defenses
adaptive defenses

The MAJOR components of the lymphatic system include the __________.
thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct, and lymph nodes
spleen, thymus, and tonsils
lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphatic organs
lymph nodes, lymph, and lymphocytes

Which of the following is an example of a free macrophage?
alveolar macrophage
microglial cell
Kupffer cell
All of the listed responses are correct.

Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are __________.
helper T and suppressor T cells
plasma cells
B cells
NK and B cells

Normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the __________.
spleen and liver
blood and the lymph
lymph in the lymphatic tissues
bone marrow and lymphatic tissues

The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the __________.
lymphatic nodules
tonsils
adult spleen
thymus gland

Mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of innate defense?
pyrogens
phagocytes
interferons
physical barriers
complement

The "first line" of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is __________.
phagocytes
interferon
complement system
pathogens

NK cells contain the proteins perforin and protectin that provide a type of immunity called __________.
the complement system
the inflammatory response
immunological surveillance
phagocytes

What are the two major ways that the body "carries out" the immune response to a specific antigen?
direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies
phagocytosis and the inflammatory response
immunological surveillance and fever
physical barriers and the complement system

An adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by __________.
an antigen
inflammation
fever
an antibody

Which type of immunity develops as a result of natural exposure to an antigen in the environment?
artificially induced active immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
artificially induced passive immunity
naturally acquired active immunity

The fact that people are NOT subject to the same diseases as goldfish describes the presence of __________.
innate immunity
passive immunity
acquired immunity
active immunity

A cross-reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of which of the following?
a cytotoxic reaction
an autoimmune disease
immediate hypersensitivity
delayed hypersensitivity

Before an antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be processed by __________.
a cytotoxic T cell
a neutrophil
a macrophage
an NK cell

The T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are __________.
cytotoxic T cells
memory TC cells
suppressor T cells
CD4 T cells

Which of the following lymphatic structures do(es) NOT display the outer cortex/inner medulla pattern?
tonsils
lymph node
spleen
thymus
tonsils and spleen
thymus and lymph node

Activated B cells produce plasma cells that are specialized to __________.
produce helper T cells
synthesize and secrete antibodies
direct a physical and chemical attack
All of the listed responses are correct.

An antibody exhibits a high degree of flexibility as a result of the interchangeability of the __________.
heavy chain
light chain
constant segment
variable segment

Antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of __________.
cytotoxic T cells
basophils and mast cells
plasma cells and memory B cells
suppressor T cells

The epitope site is the certain portion of the antigen's exposed surface where __________.
the foreign "body" attacks
the antibody attaches
phagocytosis occurs
the immune surveillance system is activated

For a B cell to be activated, it must __________.
be bound by a helper T cell at a class II MHC
undergo the process of opsonization
bind an antigen to a surface antibody
be bound by a helper T cell at a class II MHC and bind an antigen to a surface antibody
All of the listed responses are correct.

The effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the body include which of the following?
slowing tumor growth and killing sensitive tumor cells
stimulating granulocyte production
increasing T cell sensitivity to interleukins
All of the listed responses are correct.

The ability to demonstrate an immune response after exposure to an antigen is called __________.
immunosuppression
passive immunity
anaphylaxis
immunological competence

A baby developing in the womb has _____________________ immunity because it receives __________ antibodies from its mother.
naturally acquired passive; IgE
naturally induced active; IgA
antibody-mediated; IgM
naturally acquired passive; IgG

When an immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, the result is __________.
immune system failure
depression of the inflammatory response
an autoimmune disorder
the development of an allergy

Cells of the immune system influence CNS and endocrine activity by __________.
increasing circulating thyroid hormone levels during immune responses
stimulating cell and tissue metabolism
secreting endorphins and thymic hormones
All of the listed responses are correct.

Depression of the immune system due to chronic stress may cause __________.
a reduction in the activities and numbers of phagocytes in peripheral tissues
depression of the inflammatory response
the inhibition of interleukin secretion
All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system?
involution of the thymus, leading to fewer T cells in circulation
increased production of pyrogens, leading to a higher general body temperature
a decrease in immunosurveillance activity, leading to higher rates of cancer
a decrease in responsive B cells, leading to increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection

Which type of lymphocyte does NOT release perforins?
helper T cell
cytotoxic T cell
both B cell and helper T cell
B cell
NK cell

The primary effects of complement activation include which of the following?
stimulation and inflammation
attraction of phagocytes and enhancement of phagocytosis
destruction of target cell membranes
All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following nonspecific responses is characterized by the use of C3, properdin, factor B, and factor D?
physical barriers
complement, alternative pathway
complement, classical pathway
immunosurveillance
fever

Tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the __________.
thoracic duct
bloodstream
lymph capillaries
lymph nodes

When an antigen appears, the adaptive immune system response begins with __________.
the activation of the complement system
the activation of specific T cells and B cells
the presence of immunoglobulins in body fluids
the release of endogenous pyrogens

In what way do mast cells participate in tissue defense?
destruction of cell membranes containing abnormal antigens
stimulation and coordination of inflammation by release of histamine and heparin
secretion of suppression factors that inhibit the immune response
antigen presentation bound to class II MHC proteins

Chemical mediators of inflammation include which of the following?
histamine, heparin, prostaglandins, and complement
epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and histamine
kinins, opsonins, epinephrine, and leukotrienes
All of the listed responses are correct.

T cells that are activated by costimulation involving a class I MHC and CD8 markers are called __________.
cytotoxic T cells
plasma cells
memory B cells
helper T cells

B lymphocytes differentiate into __________.
memory and plasma cells
helper and suppressor cells
cytotoxic and suppressor cells
memory and helper cells

__________ cells may activate B cells, whereas _________ cells inhibit the activity of B cells.
Helper T; suppressor T
Memory; plasma
Memory; cytotoxic
Macrophages; microphages

The primary response of CD8 T cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of __________ cells.
helper T
suppressor T
memory
cytotoxic T

The vaccination of antigenic materials into the body is called __________.
naturally acquired passive immunity
artificially induced active immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity

In passive immunity, __________ are introduced into the body by injection.
T and B cells
lymphocytes
antibodies
antigens

What is the lymphatic function of the white pulp of the spleen?
release of splenic hormones into lymphatic vessels
to degrade foreign proteins and toxins released by bacteria
phagocytosis of abnormal blood cell components
initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells

Which of the following is characteristic of the secondary response?
massive antibody response
begins almost immediately (less than one week)
failure of pathogens to survive long enough to result in illness
All of the listed responses are correct.

The antibodies produced and secreted by B lymphocytes are soluble proteins called __________.
agglutinins
immunoglobulins
lymphokines
leukotrienes

The genes found in a region called the major histocompatibility complex are also called __________.
autoantibodies
human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
immunoglobulins (IgG)
alpha and gamma interferons

Memory B cells do NOT differentiate into plasma cells UNLESS they __________.
are initially subjected to a specific antigen
are stimulated by passive immunization
are exposed to the same antigen a second time
are stimulated by active immunization

The three-dimensional "fit" between the variable segments of the antibody molecule and the corresponding antigenic determinant site is referred to as the __________.
immunodeficiency complex
antibody–antigen complex
protein–complement complex
All of the listed responses are correct.

One of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is __________.
depression of the inflammatory response
inhibition of interleukin secretion
increased release of T and B cells
decreased activity of cytotoxic T cells