Chapter 16 Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system?
controls skeletal muscle
has preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
controls visceral effectors
can trigger visceral reflexes

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
increases heart rate and blood pressure
is the fight-or-flight division
is the thoracolumbar division
increases activity of the digestive tract

What is the term for chain of ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system that lie right outside the vertebral column?

What is the name of the endocrine gland that is innervated by the sympathetic division of the nervous system and is a modified sympathetic ganglion?

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the sympathetic nervous system?
mobilization of energy reserves
elevation of muscle tone
a decrease in heart rate
an increase in mental alertness

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter used by the sympathetic nervous system?
All of the listed neurotransmitters are used by the sympathetic nervous
system.
nitric oxide
norepinephrine
acetylcholine

Which of the following sympathetic receptors causes an increase in heart rate and force of contraction and an increase in metabolic activity?

Which of the following is NOT a region where parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are found?
medulla oblongata
spinal cord segment T4
spinal cord segment S2
pons

What is the term for parasympathetic ganglia that are embedded in the tissues of the target organ?

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the parasympathetic division?
reduction in heart rate
a feeling of energy and euphoria
constriction of the pupils
contraction of the urinary bladder

Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by parasympathetic neurons?

Which parasympathetic receptor is found on ganglionic neurons and causes excitation?

In organs that receive dual innervation from the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, the two divisions produce __________.

Visceral reflexes __________.
can be short
are all polysynaptic
can be long
All of the listed responses are correct.

Which higher brain region is NOT involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system?
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
brain stem
cerebellum

Learned motor behaviors are __________.

In what state does active dreaming occur?

What part of the brain functions to wake a person from sleep?

Which of the following receptor types is activated by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)?

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the nervous system?
decrease in neurotransmitter production
decrease in blood flow to the brain
increase in synaptic connections
reduction of brain size and weight

Label the following components in the diagram of the distribution of the sympathetic nervous system.

Correctly label the parts of the sympathetic neuron and smooth muscle structures.

Correctly label the autonomic plexuses.

Place in correct order the sequence of events occurring when the sympathetic nervous system is activated:
1.1 Stimulation of post ganglionic cells in the adrenal medullae
1.2 Release of hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
1.3 Sensory receptors send information to the CNS, indicating that the body is in danger
1.4 Stimulation of preganglionic neurons in the lateral gray horns of spinal segments T1–L2

An ACh receptor located on ganglionic cells that causes excitation of the ganglionic neuron or muscle fiber by opening chemically gated channels

A sympathetic nervous system receptor that causes the release of intracellular calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum to stimulate activity in the cell

An ACh receptor that is also a G protein and produces longer-lasting effects than nicotinic receptors. Responses can be excitatory or inhibitory

A. A sympathetic nervous system receptor that is found in adipose and causes the breakdown of triglycerides, or lipolysis, for use by other tissues

C. The reception by an organ or tissues of instructions from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions

B. Learned motor behaviors, such as lighting a match

D. The background or resting level of activity in autonomic neurons

A. The conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories

B. This is a loss of ACh- and GABA-secreting neurons in which the basal nuclei are affected along with the frontal lobes and ability to control movement and intellect decline.

D. Caused by disease or trauma, this is a loss of the ability to remember events in the past.

A. This is a loss of loss of higher-order functions caused most often by senile dementia. It is seen most often in the elderly over age 65 but can affect younger individuals.

C. A psychological disorder marked by pronounced disturbances of mood, thought patterns, and behavior that may be linked to excessive dopamine production

In the somatic nervous system, __________.

In the autonomic nervous system, __________.

As a general rule, the sympathetic division __________.

The parasympathetic division __________.

The autonomic nervous system __________.

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is (are) INCORRECT?
1. Loss of all conscious brain activity is not life threatening if food and water are provided, because the autonomic nervous system maintains all needed body functions.
2. Heart rate and blood pressure are increased under parasympathetic stimulation.
3. The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division.
4. The sympathetic and parasympathetic functions most often produce opposing effects on a system or organ.
5. The sympathetic division has short preganglionic fibers.

Ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division can be located in the __________.

sympathetic chain ganglia
adrenal medulla
collateral ganglia
All of the listed responses are correct.

The prevertebral (collateral) ganglia of the ANS include the __________.

Which of these would NOT occur under sympathetic stimulation?

activation of energy reserves
increased metabolic rate
increased respiratory rate
heightened mental alertness
increased storage of lipid and glycogen

The sympathetic division does NOT include which of the following?

adrenal medullae
collateral ganglia
intramural ganglia
chain ganglia

Jennifer is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green, but she stops suddenly as a semitrailer runs the red light only a few inches away from her front bumper. Which of the following effects would you NOT expect to find in Jennifer's body?
a general elevation in muscle tone and possibly shivering
increased digestive activity
increased cardiovascular and respiratory activity
increased alertness and feelings of being "on edge"

The telodendria of sympathetic postganglionic neurons release neurotransmitters through __________.

The effects of norepinephrine (NE) on the postsynaptic membranes __________.
last longer than the effects of acetylcholine, and they last until NE is
reabsorbed by the telodendria
last until NE is broken down by cholinesterase
last until NE diffuses away
None of the listed responses is correct.

Stimulation of what type of membrane receptor by norepinephrine would activate enzymes that break down glycogen in skeletal muscles?
beta-2
beta-1
alpha-1
alpha-2

Stimulation of the beta receptors on the heart muscle would result in __________.

Binding to which of the following receptors of the ANS causes a DECREASE in cAMP levels?

Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters and receptors is INCORRECT?

Secretory output from the adrenal medullae is about 90–95 percent epinephrine.
Sympathetic stimulation is longer lasting than parasympathetic stimulation.
Sympathetic activation is more widespread than parasympathetic activation.
Norepinephrine is quickly broken down at synapses but not in the bloodstream.
Alpha-1 receptors function by releasing calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum of target cells.

Which type of sympathetic receptor causes inhibition and a relaxation of smooth muscles along the respiratory tract?

Which of the following effects is NOT a result of parasympathetic activity?

a general elevation of muscle tone so that a person looks tense and may begin to shiver
an increase in smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract
sexual arousal and stimulation of sexual glands in both genders
constriction of respiratory passageways

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parasympathetic division?

Preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord.
The parasympathetic division includes the pelvic nerves.
The parasympathetic division includes the splanchnic nerves.
Ganglia are on or near the target organ.

Don has had a long day at work. He comes home, eats dinner, relaxes on the couch, and watches a few television programs. What type of response would you NOT expect to find in Don's body during this relaxation period?

increased respiratory activity
increased motility and blood flow in the digestive tract
decreased heart rate and blood pressure
increased salivary gland secretion
stimulation of urination and defecation

Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic division is INCORRECT?

Preganglionic neurons may have their cell bodies in the brain stem.
Ganglia are located relatively close to the central nervous system.
Ganglionic neurons have their cell bodies within or adjacent to the target organs.
Preganglionic neurons may have their cell bodies in spinal cord segments S2 through S4.

The vagus nerve is number __________ and is part of the __________ division.

Nicotinic receptors __________.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about autonomic neurotransmitters and receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

Stimulation of alpha-2 receptors generally inhibits or relaxes the postsynaptic cell.
Stimulation of beta-1 receptors always stimulates and increases energy consumption in the postsynaptic cell.
Stimulation of muscarinic receptors always excites the postsynaptic cell.
Stimulation of nicotinic receptors always excites the postsynaptic cell.

Which of the following organs does NOT receive dual innervation?

heart
stomach
urinary bladder
lacrimal gland

In the absence of stimuli, autonomic motor neurons __________.

Autonomic tone allows autonomic neurons to __________.

both increase and decrease their activity
decrease their activity
increase their activity
None of the listed responses is correct.

In the lungs, autonomic tone allows for __________.

Autonomic fibers entering the thoracic cavity intersect at which of the following plexuses?

inferior mesenteric plexus
cardiac plexus
celiac plexus
All of the listed responses are correct.

Which plexus innervates the stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver?
esophageal plexus
pulmonary plexus
cardiac plexus
celiac plexus

You stand up after sitting in class for an hour. Signals from the baroreceptors in the carotid artery tell the brain that blood pressure is dropping. Your heart must compensate and increase blood pressure. How is this accomplished?

Visceral reflexes are __________.

The higher centers of the CNS __________.

Which of the following visceral reflexes is controlled by the sympathetic division?

light and consensual light reflexes
baroreceptor reflex
swallowing reflex
pupillary reflex

Which of the following is NOT a feature of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

inhibition of somatic motor neurons
contraction of the lateral, medial, inferior, and superior rectus muscles
inhibition of somatic sensory neurons
active dreaming

What kind of memory allows you to remember the shape and features of your own face throughout your lifetime?

primary memory
secondary memory
tertiary memory
quaternary memory

When studying in lab, Anne repeats, over and over, the names of the structures she is studying. What is Anne trying to accomplish?

creation of fact memories
conversion from primary memories to secondary memories
memory consolidation
All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the nervous system?

changes in synaptic organization of CNS neurons
a reduction in brain size and weight
a decrease in blood flow to the brain
an increase in the number of neurons used for dual innervation

The heart, lungs, and digestive organs are innervated by __________.
the parasympathetic division
the sympathetic division
both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
None of the listed responses is correct.

True/False. Autonomic tone describes a low background level of neural activity that allows fine adjustment of response in the target cells.

True/False. Activation of the parasympathetic division leads to relaxation, food, and energy absorption responses.

True/False. Stimulation of the reticular activating system produces a wave of stimulatory activity in the cerebellum.

True/False. Drugs known as beta-blockers are frequently given to patients with low blood pressure.

True/False. Polio is an example of a virus-borne infection that affects the nervous system.

Jackson, now a freshman in college, is having difficulty remembering the combination to the locker he had throughout his senior year of high school. The memory of his combination is what type of long-term memory? __________

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers targeting structures in the thoracic cavity form __________ nerves that proceed directly to their peripheral targets.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system begins at spinal segment T1 and ends at spinal segment __________.

The effects of parasympathetic stimulation are more localized and more __________ than those of the sympathetic division.

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a powerfully hallucinogenic drug that activates __________ receptors in the brain.

The autonomic nervous system performs which of the following functions?

The lower motor neurons of the somatic nervous system exert direct control over skeletal muscles. By contrast, in the autonomic nervous system there is __________.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
constriction of respiratory passages
increased secretion of hormones that promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients by peripheral cells
mobilization of energy reserves through the accelerated breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver cells and the release of lipids by adipose tissues
changes in blood flow and glandular activity associated with sexual arousal

Which system coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive functions?

Which division of the nervous system "kicks in" during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency?

The nerve bundle that carries preganglionic fibers to a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion is the __________.

Important functions of the postganglionic fibers that enter the thoracic cavity in autonomic nerves include which of the following?
accelerating the heart rate
increasing the force of cardiac contractions
dilating the respiratory passageways
All of the listed responses are correct

The effect of modified neurons in the sympathetic division that secrete neurotransmitters is that they __________.

Which of the following is unique to the sympathetic nervous system?

At neuroeffector junctions, typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers release:

When specific neurotransmitters are released by postganglionic fibers, stimulation or inhibition of activity depends on __________.

Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to __________.

Postsynaptic cells of the sympathetic nervous system synapse with the cells they innervate through structures called __________.

In the parasympathetic division, second-order neurons originate in __________.

The neurotransmitter released by all parasympathetic neurons is __________.

The two types of parasympathetic receptors that occur on the postsynaptic membranes are __________.

Pelvic nerves carry which of the following types of information?

The major effects produced by the parasympathetic division include which of the following?
secretion by digestive glands
increased smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract
constriction of the respiratory passageway
All of the listed responses are correct.

Which division of the ANS innervates only visceral structures serviced by the cranial nerves or nerves lying within the abdominopelvic cavity?

Where dual innervation exists, the two divisions of the ANS commonly have __________.

Why is autonomic tone important to autonomic motor neurons?

The LOWEST level of integration in the ANS consists of __________.

Both coordination and regulation of sympathetic function generally occur in centers in the __________.

In the ANS, simple reflexes that provide relatively rapid automatic response to stimuli are based in the __________.

The processing center of a visceral reflex is the __________.

Which of the following statements about long reflexes is FALSE?

Visceral reflexes provide __________.

The cellular mechanisms that seem to be involved in memory formation and storage include which of the following?
increased neurotransmitter release
facilitation of synapses
formation of additional synaptic connections
All of the listed responses are correct.

Which two components of the limbic system are essential to memory consolidation?

A state of awareness of and attention to external events and stimuli implies __________.

Increasing stimulation to the reticular activating system (RAS) makes an individual __________.

Schizophrenia may be caused by an excessive production of which neurotransmitter?

Disturbance of which of the following neurotransmitters produces motor problems, such as those found in Parkinson's disease?

Which of the following is a common age-related anatomical change in the nervous system?
increased brain size and weight
an increased number of neurons
increased blood flow to the brain
None of the listed responses is correct.

One of the problems associated with aging and the nervous systems is the development of plaques in the CNS. Which of the following accurately describes plaques?

Why is the axon of a ganglionic neuron called a postganglionic fiber?
It carries impulses away from the ganglion.
It carries impulses to the target organ.
It carries impulses toward the ganglion.
All of the listed responses are correct.

The effects produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves include which of the following?
stimulation of secretion by sweat glands
acceleration of blood flow to skeletal muscles
dilation of the pupils and focusing of the eyes
All of the listed responses are correct.

The summary effects of the collateral ganglia include which of the following?

Stimulation of alpha-1 receptors on a target cell triggers a __________.

What is the major structural difference between sympathetic preganglionic and ganglionic fibers?

Which of the following adrenergic receptors produce(s) stimulatory effects, including stimulation of metabolism and energy consumption?

The effects of parasympathetic stimulation are usually __________.

How does a medication that blocks beta receptors help a patient with high blood pressure?
Beta-2 receptors trigger a decrease in the size of the respiratory passageways.
Beta-3 receptors trigger a decrease in levels of lipolysis.
Beta-1 receptors in the heart do not stimulate an increase in the force and rate of heart contractions.
All of the listed responses are correct.

During a crisis, the event necessary for the individual to cope with stressful and potentially dangerous situations is called __________.

The two classes of sympathetic receptors include __________.

Intramural ganglia are components of the parasympathetic division that are located __________.

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve entering the abdominopelvic cavity join the __________.

Sensory nerves deliver information to the CNS along the__________.
spinal nerves
cranial nerves
autonomic nerves that innervate peripheral effectors
All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following lists only sympathetic reflexes?