Pharm exam II:
College: Third year
Nystatin is an ________________ class of
medication.
Antifungal
What is Nystatin used for?
Candida species: oral/vaginal & cutaneous candidiasis.
* Thrush or yeast infections.
What forms are Nystatin available in?
Cream, ointment, powder and oral/ vaginal tablets, troches (pastilles which are lozenges that need to be dissolved)and suspension, you swish & swallow or spit it out depending on order.
*Powder is used for oral & cutaneous.
*PO: has little absorption & is excreted in feces.
Which forms of nystatin are best for Thrush?
Troches and suspension
Common side effects of Nystatin (there are 5):
1. N/V
2. anorexia
3. diarrhea
4. cramps
5. rash (urticarial which is rare)
Proper instructions for nystatin tablet:
Must take with full glass of water!
Proper instructions for use of nystatin troches:
place lozenge between cheek and gum underneath the tongue (it's sublingual), let it dissolve.
*DO NOT CHEW OR SWALLOW LOZENGE*
Is nystatin safe to take while pregnant or breastfeeding?
It is unknown if nystatin will harm a fetus or nursing baby, YOU MUST LET YOUR DOCTOR KNOW IF YOU ARE PREGNANT OR BREASTFEEDING.
Proper instructions for nystatin suspension:
Shake suspension well before measuring, SWISH around in mouth and then SWALLOW suspension or SPIT it out depending on physicians orders.
Teaching for Nystatin:
-Long-term therapy may be needed to clear infection
-Finish all of medication
-Shake suspension before measuring each dose.
*AVOID COMMERCIAL MOUTH WASHES (they irritate)
Theophylline is a?
Bronchodilator
What is the action of Theophylline?
Relaxes smooth muscle of the respiratory system by blocking phosphodiesterase, which increases cAMP.
Theophylline uses:
-Bronchial asthma
-broncho spasm
-emphysema
-apnea during infancy for respiratory myocardial stimulation.
Available forms of Theophylline.
1. Elixir
2. Time released capsule
3. Extended release tablet
4. Soln (IV)
Theophylline side effects:
*There's a lot!
1. N/V 2. diarrhea 3. anorexia
4. anxiety 5. insomnia 6. dizziness
7. HA 8. tremors 9. urine frequency
10. tachypnea 11. increases resp. rate
12. flushing, 13. urticarial 14. tachycardia
15. hypotension
Serious side effects of Theophylline:
1. seizures
2. dysrhythmias
Cephalosporins:
Name the 4 medications in this category:
1. Keflex
2. Ceftin
3. Claforan
4. Maxipime
Cephalosporins:
What is Keflex (Cephalexin sodium) used for?
Severe infections of the-
1. Respiratory
2. GI
3. GU (Genital & urinary)
4. Endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium)
5. Meningitis
As a nurse what signs & symptoms do you need to watch for after administering cephalosporins?
1. Rash
2. Anorexia
3. Hypersensitivity
4. GI pain
Why would it be contraindicated to take cephalosporins?
If you are allergic to Penicillin
True/False
Those that are allergic to penicillin should not take cephalosporins?
True
Isoniazid (INH)
What is INH used to treat?
Tuberculosis
Isoniazid (INH)
Side effects of this medication include:
1. Peripheral neuritis, clumsiness, unsteadiness, muscle ache
2. Epigastric distress, jaundice, *drug-induced hepatitis
Isoniazid (INH)
Which labs or tests should be taken for patients on this medication?
Liver function tests
What deficiency does Isoniazid (INH)cause?
B6 (pyridoxine)
Directions for Isoniazid (INH):
1. Must complete therapy
2. Take orally on an empty stomach 1hr before or 2hrs after a meal.
Peripheral neuritis, is the most common adverse effect of INH and is preceded by what condition?
Paresthesias (numbness, tingling, burning pain) of the feet and hands.
Antituberculosis treatment always involves how many medications?
2 or more.
What antibiotic is often combined with Isoniazid (INH)?
rifampin
Remember this mnemonic for antibiotics used in TB treatment:
STRIPE
ST- streptomycin
R- rifampin
I- Isoniazid (INH)
P- pyrazinamide
E- ethambutol
Name the four most common Aminoglycosides:
* Amikacin
* Garamycin (Gentamicin)
* Neomycin
* Tobramycin
The major toxic effects of aminoglycosides are:
Ototoxicity & nephrotoxicity
Aminoglycosides:
What do we need to watch for in patients taking aminoglycosides?
Ear and Kidney damage
Aminoglycoside:
What needs to be regularly assessed if taking this medication?
Peak & trough
Aminoglycosides parenteral restricted to treatment of
Serious infection of the-
Gastrointestinal (GI)
Respiratory tract
Urinary tract
CNS
Bone, skin & soft tissue including burns
Aminoglycosides topical is used to treat:
Primary & secondary skin infections.
Precautions for use of aminoglycosides for patients with the following conditions (4):
1. Renal impaired
2. History of 8th cranial nerve impairment
3. Myasthenia gravis patients
4. Possible fetal damage when given to pregnant & lactating women.
Most frequent side effect of aminoglycosides (2)?
Nephortoxicity & ototoxicity
Toxic to the Liver and ears (hearing)
Other common side effects of aminoglycosides that are not considered serious or life threatening:
1. Tremors
2. Urticaria- rash of round, red welts
3. Pruritus- severe itching of the skin
4. Rash
4. Oliguria
Serious/Life threatening implications of aminoglycosides include?
* Neuromusclular blockage leading to flaccid
paralysis
* Fatal respiratory depression can occur in pts.
receiving muscle relaxants
Aminoglycosides
Peak & trough levels should be assessed. Ototoxicity associated w/persistent ____ ____ ____, rather than high peak levels.
high trough levels
Aminoglycosides Nursing Implications (4):
1. Monitor Peak/trough
2. Monitor renal function (BUN & creatinine levels)
3. Monitor sensory problems (hearing loss)
4. Anticipate antidote of IV calcium gluconate for
treatment of neuromuscular blockade.
What is the aminoglycoside antidote?
IV calcium gluconate
* Used for neuromuscular blockade*
Patient teaching for aminoglycosides- What 6 symptoms should the patient report?
*Report tinnitus
*high-frequency hearing loss
*persistent headache
*nausea
*dizziness
*vertigo
psyllium (Metamucil) is a
Bulking laxative
3 main uses for psyllium (Metamucil)are?
1. For incapacitated patient that needs a laxative
regularly.
2. Irritable bowel syndrome
3. Control certain types of diarrhea by ABSORBING
THE IRRIATTING SUBSTANCES.
Psyllium (functional fiber)
What is it & what does it do?
Undigestible carbohydrates that adds bulk to fecal content to help timely passage of contents in GI tract, preventing constipation.
How can functional fiber(Psyllium)affect weight control?
It delays gastric emptying, giving a sense of fullness- contributing to weight control.
How does Psyllium (func. fiber) affect diabetics?
Delayed gastric emptying may also reduce post prandial blood glucose concentrations, potentially PREVENTING EXCESSIVE INSULIN SECRETION & INSULIN SENSITIVITY.
Directions for taking Psyllium?
Take with a full glass of water- it causes water to be retained in the stool.
Psyllium onset
12-24 hours, and even up to 72 hours.
* Onset time will depend on GI transit time*
What does Psyllium do?
Increase stool frequency in patients w/constipation.
Reglan (metoclopramide)- A prokinetic agent
What are the actions of Reglan (metoclopramide)?
Gastric stimulant- reducing reflex & increase stomach contractions.
*Reglan makes the smooth muscle move*
What Reglan (metoclopramide) used to relieve symptoms of (6)?
* Gastric reflux
* Esophagitis
* GERD
* Diabetic gastro paresis
* As an aid in small bowel intubation
* To stimulate gastric emptying
Reglan is mainly used for treatment of (2) ?
1. Delayed gastric emptying
2. GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease)
What is the therapeutic outcome of Reglan (3)?
*Relief of discomfort
*Lower frequency of heartburn
*healing of irritated tissues
What do you need to watch for in patient on Reglan (5)?
1. Sedation
2. Insomnia
3. Diarrhea
4. Headache
5. Dry mouth
Reglan's most frequent side effects (2):
Sedation & diarrhea
Reglan's serious side effect?
Extrapyramidal symptoms (is a movement disorder)
(toxic)
* Children & young adults are most susceptible*
Reglan Nursing implications (5):
1. Assess status of hydration.
2. Monitor for anxiety, restlessness,
extrapyramidal symptoms (movement disorders)
3. Monitor for therapeutic response
4. Give 30mins before meals & at bedtime
5. Monitor RENAL FUNCTION, B/P & HEART RATE
What are the 4 more important nursing implications of Reglan?
*Monitor for anxiety, restlessness & extrapyramidal
symptoms.
* Give 30min before meals & at bedtime.
Pre assessment for Reglan, what do you check for?
* Extrapyramidal symptoms
* History of epilepsy
* Do NOT GIVE if hx of GI perforation or hemorrhage
* For diabetics, monitor for HYPERglycemia. Food
absorption may be altered.
Forms of Reglan (3):
Tablets
Syrup
Ampules/ Injection
Proton Pump Inhibitors:
Short-term uses(4-8 wks)(3) -
*Duodenal ulcers
*gastric ulcers
*gastro esophageal reflux disease.
Proton Pump Inhibitors:
Long-term use (1)-
hyper secretory conditions
Proton Pump Inhibitors:
Most frequent side effect is?
Headache
Proton Pump Inhibitors:
Generic names end in __________.
"zole"
Proton Pump Inhibitors:
Name the 4 side effects:
1. Headache
2. Diarrhea
3. Nausea
4. Vomiting
Proton Pump Inhibitors: Patient Teaching (3)
1. Instruct pt. to avoid opening, chewing or crush-
ing capsules
2. Instruct pt. to return for F/U if symptoms are
unresolved after 4-8 weeks of therapy.
3. SHOULD BE TAKEN BEFORE MEALS
Examples of Proton Pump Inhibitors(4):
1. Omerprazole (Prilosec)
2. Esomeprazole (Nexium)
3. Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
4. Pantoprazole (Protonix)
*Hint,Hint.. generic names end in "zole"
Proton Pump Inhibitors:
GI problems should be better within a
week
Proton Pump Inhibitors:
Blood work to look for-
Helicobacter pylori.
*If positive the antibiotic can run in conjunctions w/Prilosec.
Proton Pump Inhibitors:
With Prilosec watch for the following (4):
* Fatigue
* Diarrhea
* Abdominal pain
* Constipation
Lactulose is a ________ laxative.
hyperosmotic
Lactulose is also an ______ detoxicant.
ammonia
Lactulose uses:
* Treat portal systemic (hepatic) encephalopathy
* Treats constipation
Action of Lactulose:
* Retains ammonia in the colon by producing osmotic effects.
* Promotes increased peristalsis, bowel evacuation (expelling ammonia from colon)
Lactulose Precautions (3):
1. DM (dehydration)
2. Conditions in which increased sodium can cause
problems (HF, or HTN)
3. Renal dysfunction
Lactulose side effects(4):
1. Dehydration
2. Increased thirst
3. *Abdominal discomfort
4. Frequent loose stools
Lactulose's most frequent side effect is?
Abdominal discomfort
Lactulose action time is?
1-3 hours and up to 6 hours for sodium phosphates
Lactulose- Important Nursing implications (2):
* Anticipate need for low-protein diet.
* May be given by mouth (PO) or by enema
Lactulose PO:
Mix with fruit juice, water, or milk to improve flavor.
Lactulose rectally:
Use rectal balloon catheter; need to retain enema for 30 to 60 minutes.
How long does the patient need to retain the lactulose enema?
30-60 minutes
Lactulose- Patient teaching:
Encourage them to increase fluid intake.
Examples of Antihistamines (3):
1. Benadryl (Diphenhydramine)
2. Vistaril (Hydroxyzine)
3. Cetirizine (Zyrtec)
*Hint, Hint the generics end in "ine"
What do you watch for in patients' taking antihistamines (4)?
* Drowsiness
* Dysrhythmias
* Dry mouth
* Hypotension
What are the 3 different uses for Benadryl?
1. Hypnotic
2. Antihistamine
3. Antiemetic
Benadryl can be used during pregnancy for which purpose?
Nausea & Vomiting
When giving an antihistamine (Benadryl)for motion sickness, when is best to take?
30mins before motion
Precautions for antihistamines, what are the 4 main things you should check for?
1. History of acute asthmatic problems
2. Pregnancy & lactation
3. Urinary obstruction
4. Glaucoma
Examples of Bronchodilators:
1. Albuterol (Proventil)
2. Salmeterol (Serevent)
3. Terbutaline sulfate (Brethine)
Side effects of Bronchodilators (5):
1. Tachycardia
2. Headache
3. Irritability
4. Anginal pain
5. Tremors
Bronchodilators listed below are used to treat:
1. Albuterol (Proventil)
2. Salmeterol (Serevent)
3. Terbutaline sulfate (Brethine)
Asthma, COPD, Emphysema
Bronchodilators
Albuterol is known as the _____ inhaler.
rescue
Which bronchodilator is used for long-term control of chronic airway problems?
Serevent, taken PO.
Terbutaline comes in what form
tablet only, to take by mouth
Bronchodilator side effects (5):
1. Anxiety
2. Tremors
3. Angina
4. Tachycardia
5. Headache
Bronchodilator most FREQUENT side effects (3):
1. Anxiety
2. Tremors
3. Tachycardia
Bronchodilator Precautions (5):
1. Cardiovascular disease
2. Thyroid disease
3. DM
4. Seizure disorders
5. Terbutaline: use w/caution in children under 12
What is the primary advantage for using an inhaler?
The medication is applied directly to the site of action.
Aerosolized Metered-Dose Inhaler:
What should the patient do after inhaling a corticosteroid medication?
Have them rinse out their mouth w/water when administration is complete.
Inhalers:
If medication is a suspension, shake the canister. This ____ & ___ the active bronchodilator & propellant.
disperses / mixes
Aerosolized Metered-Dose Inhaler:
Open patient's mouth & then place the canister outlet __ to __ inches in front of the mouth or use an extender. This space allows the propellant to evaporate & prevent large particles from settling in the mouth.
2 / 4
Aerosolized Metered-Dose Inhaler:
What is the benefit of the 2 to 4 inch space between the inhaler & the patients mouth?
That space allows the propellant to evaporate & prevent large particles from settling in the mouth.
Aerosolized Metered-Dose Inhaler:
Activate the MDI, & instruct the patient to inhale deeply over ____ to ensure that airways are open and that the drug is dispersed as deeply as possible.
10 sec
Dry powder inhaler instructions:
* Have pt. breathe out, away from the device
* Place the mouthpiece gently in the pt.'s mouth
& have the pt. close their lips around it, then administer.
* Remove the inhaler from the pt.'s mouth, then have pt. hold breath for about 10 sec before
breathing out
* ALWAYS CHECK THE NUMBER IN THE DOSE COUNTER.
SULFONAMIDES-Type Loop Diuretics: Name all 3
1. Bumetanide
2. furosemide (Lasix)
3. torsemide (demedex)
SULFONAMIDES-Type Loop Diuretics:
Bumetanide, furosemide, and torsemide are potent diuretics that act primarily by inhibiting _____ & _____ reabsorption from the ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE in the kidneys enhancing sodium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium, and bicarbonate _____ into the urine.
sodium / chloride / excretion
Furosemide the maximum diuretic effect occurs __ to __ hours after ___ administration.
1 to 2 / oral
Furosemide effects last how long?
4 to 6 hours
Furosemide given through IV:
Diuresis occurs 5 to 10mins after IV infusion, PEAKS within 30mins and LASTS approx. 2hrs.
* remember when given IV it only lasts 2hrs.
Bumetanide's activity start time is the fastest of all 3 after ORAL administration, diuretic activity starts within
Diuretic:
30 to 60mins after oral administration.
Bumetanide given IV, diuresis begins within MINUTES & reaches maximum levels in
15 to 30mins
Torsemide does not appear to affect _____ filtration rate or _____ blood flow.
glomerular / renal
Torsemide oral administration- how long does it take for maximum diuretic effect to occur?
1 to 2 hours
Torsemide IV administration- Duresis occurs __ to __ minutes after IV administration.
5 to 10mins
Torsemide IV administration-How long after administration will it take for this med to peak?
60mins
Torsemide IV administration- How long will it last?
6hrs
Benzodiazepines:
Action
Has similar mechanisms of action as CNS depressants, but individual drugs within the benzodiazepine family act more selectively at specific sites, thereby allowing for a variety of uses.
Benzodiazepines:
Because individual drugs within the benzodiazepine family act more selectively at specific sites, it allows them to be used for a variety of uses. Name all 4 of them?
1. Sedative-hypnotic effects
2. Muscle relaxation
3. Antianxiety effects
4. Anticonvulsant action
Benzodiazepines used for Sedation & Hypnosis (7):
1. estazolam - Intermediate acting
2. flurazepam- Long-acting
3. lorazepam* Also an anticonvulsant & treat
insomnia
4. midazolam- Short-acting
5. quazepam- Long-acting
6. temazepam- Intermediate acting
7. triazolam- Short-acting
*hint, hint they all end in "lam" OR "pam"
Short-acting Benzodiazepines (2):
* midazolam
* triazolam
Long-acting Benzodiazepines
* flurazepam
* quazepam
Benzodiazepines
lorazepam is used primarily for
* Insomnia
* Preoperative anxiety
* Status epilepticus (epileptic seizures follow one another w/out recovery of consciousness between them)
Benzodiazepines- Anticonvulsants (5):
1. clobazam (Onfi) Form= tablets
2. clonazepam (Klnopin, Rivotril)Form= tablets
3. clorazepate (Tranxene, Novo Clopate) Form=
tablets
4. Diazepam (Balium) Form= tablets, liquid,
Gel- rectal
5. Lorazepam (Ativan) Form= tablets, oral soln, IM,
IV
Benzodiazepines:
Diazepam has multi-uses what are they?
1. Anticonvulsant
2. Anxiety
Benzodiazepines:
Lorazepam has multi-uses what are they?
* Sedation/Hypnosis
* Anxiety
* Anticonvulsant
* Insomnia
Prophylactic antibiotics:
The use of prophylactic antibiotics is recommended for patients at risk for developing _______ ________ before dental, gastric, & genitourinary surgery.
infective endocarditis
Prophylactic antibiotics are given to prevent infective endocarditis before what type of surgeries?
Name 3 of the most common.
1. Dental
2. Gastric
3. Genitourinary
* And other invasive procedures*
Prophylactic antibiotics:
Association guidelines recommend prophylactic antibiotic treatment for patients with ____ ______ that put them at highest risk for infections.
cardiac conditions
Antimicrobial agents are
chemicals that eliminate living microorganisms that are PATHOGENIC to the patient.
Antimicrobial agents are often first classified according to the type of pathogen to be destroyed such as
* bacteria (antibacterial agents)
* fungal (antifungal agents)
* viral (antiviral agents
After pathogen classification antimicrobial agents are then subdivided by chemical families into drug classes such as...Name all 3.
1. Penicillins
2. Tetracyclines
3. Aminoglycosides
Antimicrobial agents:
What does the "big three" mean?
Adverse effects of Antimicrobial agents
1. Nausea
2. Vomiting
3. Diarrhea
Antimicrobial agents: Secondary infections
Assess for symptoms such as oral infection. You would observe for a
* black harry tongue
* white patches in oral cavity
* cold sores
* canker sores
Antimicrobial agents: Secondary infections
Secondary infections of the intestine can produce
severe life-threatening diarrhea
Antimicrobial agents: Toxicity
Assess for 3 forms of toxicity-
1. Nephrotoxicity
2. Hepatotoxicity
3. Ototoxicity
GERD Teaching
1. Avoiding certain foods & beverages:
*chocolate, peppermint, fatty food, coffee, soda &
alcoholic beverages.
2. Foods & beverages that can irritate a damaged
esophageal lining, such as citrus fruits (OJ)
& tomato products, spicy foods & pepper should
be avoided.
3. Avoid Anti-‐inflammatories (ASA, IBprfen)
2. Meals:Decrease portion size & eat 1-2 before
bedtime.
3. Stop Smoking.
4. Elevate the head of the bed or sleep on wedge
allows gravity to keep acid reflux from coming
up.
5. Medications: Antacids taken regularly can
neutralize acid in the esophagus & stomach &
stop heartburn.
Pulimicort (budesonide phosphate)- turbo inhaler:
Pulimicort is an
inhalant corticosteroid.
Pulimicort:
Suspension via inhaler
Aerosol powder
Pulimicort: Uses
Asthma
COPD
Pulimicort: Common adverse effects (2)
*Hoarseness
*Dry mouth
Pulimicort: Serious adverse effects
Fungal infections- treat w/antifunal mouth wash
such as nystatin.
*instruct patient to gargle & rinse mouth after each aerosol treatment with mouthwash.
Cytotec (misoprostol): Uses
is used to prevent & treat gastric ulcers caused by NSAIDS, including aspirin.
Cytotec (misoprostol): Common adverse effects (there's only one)
* diarrhea- it's dose related & usually develops
after 2 weeks.
Cytotec (misoprostol): Contraindication
Pregnancy
It's crucial that therapy be DC'd if the patient is pregnant. Cytotec is a category X drug & may cause SPONTANEOUS ABORTION.
Amphotericin B: Systemic antifungal agent
Used for
treating systemic LIFE-THREATENING FUNGAL INFECTIONS.
Amphotericin B:
Should not be used for what type of infections?
Noninvasive
(thrush, vaginal candidiasis & esophageal candidiasis) in healthy people w/normal neutrophil counts.
Amphotericin B: Premedication assessment
1. Baseline vitals
2. Assess for normal renal function & normal
electrolyte before initiating therapy.
3. Assess for allergies
4. Baseline data on patients mental health status
Amphotericin B: Common adverse effects
* malaise (discomfort, illness or uneasiness)
* fever / chills
* HA
* N/V
* nephrotoxicity
* electrolyte imbalance
* thrombophlebitis
vancomycin (Vancocin): Uses
effective against only gram-positive bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci (C-diff, Listeria monocytogenes & Corynebacterium)that may cause endocarditis, ostermyelitis, meningitis, pneumonia or septicemia.
vancomycin (Vancocin):
Because of potential adverse effects, vancomycin therapy is reserved for patients with
potentially life-threatening infections who cannot be treated w/less toxic agents such as penicillin's or cephalosporin's.
vancomycin (Vancocin): Serious AV effects are
Ototoxicity & Nephrotoxicity
* also watch for secondary infections- oral thrush, vaginitis etc.,
rifampin (Rifadin): Uses
Is used in combination with other agents for the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.
* It's also used to eliminate meningococci from the nasopharynx of asymptomatic N. meningitides carriers & eliminate H. influenza type b from the nasopharynx of asymptomatic carriers.
Which medication is used to eradicate meningococci or HIB from asymptomatic carriers of these diseases?
rifampin (Rifadin)
rifampin (Rifadin): Common adverse effects
1. Reddish orange secretions
2. N/V
3. Anorexia
4. Abdominal cramps
Tetracyclines:
Action
A class of antibiotic that are effective against gram-negative AND gram-positive bacteria.
Tetracyclines: Uses
To treat patients allergic to the penicillin's for the treatment:
*Certain venereal diseases
*UTIs
*Upper respiratory tract infections.
Tetracyclines: Common adverse effects
1. N/V
2. Anorexia
3. Abdominal cramps
4. Diarrhea
5. PHOTOSENSITIVITY
PEAK & TROUGH
PEAK
30min to 1 hour after administeration
PEAK & TROUGH
TROUGH
30min before next dose
*time for next dose*
PEAK & TROUGH
Any level above the peak is Toxic to the
Kidneys
sucralfate (Carafate):
Uses-
* Treat or prevent ulcers in the intestine & stomach, GI bleed, and to prevent ulcers caused by aspirin.
sucralfate (Carafate):
Forms a coat over ulcers, for discomfort and the protection of tissues.
sucralfate (Carafate): Dosage directions
* Take by mouth 2 to 4 times a day
* Take on empty stomach
* Take 1hr. before meal
* Antacids can be used w/this med, BUT you must take them 30mins BEFORE or after sucralfate.
When should antacids be taken if patient is taking sucralfate (Carafate)?
30mins prior Carafate administration.
Should sucralfate (Carafate) be taken on a full stomach or an empty stomach?
Empty
ciprofloxacin (Cipro)is used for treatment of-
BACTERIAL infections of the
1. Urinary
2. Respiratory
3. GI tract
Toxic effects of Cipro:
Superinfection
* ENTEROCCAL
* FUNGAL
Enteroccal-
a streptococcus of a group that occurs naturally in the intestine but causes inflammation and blood infection if introduced elsewhere in the body (e.g., by injury or surgery).
Penicillin (PCN): Treats
1. Gonorrhea
2. Perionitis
3. UTI
4. Pneumonia & other respiratory infections
5. Septicemia
6. Meningitis
PCN: Adverse effects:
* GI distress
* Oral/vaginal candidiasis
* Gen. rash
* Anaphylaxis
Quinolones & Tetracyclines:
No Way!
Not during pregnancy!!!
Azithromycin (Zithromax):
Treatments for -
1. Upper & Lower resp. tract bacterial infections.
2. Sexually transmitted diseases
3. Uncomplicated skin/skin structure infections
Azithromycin (Zithromax): STDs
* Nongonoccoccal urethritis
* gonorrhea
* Chrancroid in men
Azithromycin (Zithromax):
Watch for
* The big 3 and....
* abdominal pain
* superinfections
Azithromycin (Zithromax):
Comes in a convenient 7 day pack
Azithromycin (Zithromax):
Routes-
IV & PO
cetirizine (Zyrtec): Is a
Antihistamine
cetirizine (Zyrtec):
Aids in
*sneezing
*rhinorrhea
*post nasal drip and discharge
*tearing
cetirizine (zyrtec):
Side effects-
1. Pharyngitis
2. Dry- mouth, nose & throat
3. May cause drowsiness
benizonatate (Tessalon)
Is an Antitussive!
*Reduces coughing for NONproductive coughs
benizonatate (Tessalon):
Watch for
Drowsiness
GI upset
Constipation
Guaifenesin (Robitussin):
Expectorant- it irritates mucus membranes to release mucus in a PROductive cough
Guaifenesin (Robitussin): Watch for
GI upset
Nausea
Drowsiness
acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)-
Breaks the links that bind mucus together so it can be coughed up.
* To prevent bacteria growth in forming mucus
acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)-Watch for
* Dizziness
* Drowsiness
* Vomiting
* Bronchospasms
* Rinorrhea
* Nausea