BSC 2086 Flashcards

Study of Structure

1. Gross or Macroscopic
2. Microscopic
3. Developmental

regional, systemic, and surface anatomy

Cytology and Histology

Embryology

- Mastery of Anatomical terminology
- Observation

Study of the function of the body

Samples, Renal or Cardiovascular physiology.

Often focuses on Cellular and Molecular level, e.g. Body's abilities depend on chemical reactions in individual cells.

No, they are not separable, we have to study them together.

Function (physiology) always reflects Structure(Anatomy)

1.Chemical(Atoms and Molecules and organelles ----->2. Cellular (cells)-->3. Tissue (group of similar cells)--> 4.Organ (contains 2or more types of tissues i.e. heart, stomach)-->5.Organ system (organs that work closely together i.e. digestive system)-->6. Organismal (the whole body)

Chemical-->Cellular-->Tissue-->Organ--> Organ System/System Level-->Organismal

Atom C,H,o -->DNA-->Smooth muscle tissue--> Epithelial tissue stomach (that contain with 3 layers)-->Digestive system-->Whole body

Oraganismal-->Organ system/system level--> organ
-->Tissue--> Cell-->Chemical

Humans are multicellular, it is about 100 billion cells which are active cells.

1. To function, must keep individual cells alive.
2. All cells depend on Organ system to meet their survival needs.

It maintain optimal, condition, in your body/ temperature and PH

All body functions spread among the different organ system (level).

Organ systems cooperate to maintain life.

1. Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment.

2. A dynamic (ever changing/always changing) state of equilibrium (balance).

3.Homeostasis maintained by contributions of all organ systems.

4.Each body structure, from chemical to systemic level (digestive system) contributes to homeostasis.

5. Homeostasis is controlled through feedback system or Feedback system control over homeostasis.

1. Physical insult ( you feel it)
such as intense heat or lack of oxygen.

2. Changes in the internal environment
Such as a drop in blood glucose due to lack of food

3. Physiological stress
Such as demands of work or school

Disruptions are mild if balance is quickly restored

Intense disruptions are often prolonged and result in disease (poisoning or severe infections)or death.

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, reevaluated, and so on

- Blood pressure
- Temperature
- Blood glucose levels

Receptor (skin-receiver)--> Control Center (Brain)--> Effector (Sweat)
So this cycle are never constantly

1 Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury.
2 Synthesizes Vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc)
3.Receptors and sweat and oil glands.

1. Protects and support body organs
2. Provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement.
3. Blood cells are formed within bones.
4. Bones store minerals.

1 Allow manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.
2 Maintains posture, and produces heat

1. As the fast-acting control system of the body.
2. It responds to internal and external changes by activation appropriate muscles and glands.

Glands secret hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

1.Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste,etc
2.The heart pumps blood.
3.)*Concern about ATP that produce energy to the body get oxygen to produce ATP for us to be survive

1 Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood.
2 Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream.
3 Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)involved in immunity.
4 The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

1 Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
2 The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lung.

1 Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
2 Indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces.

1 Eliminate nitrogeneous wastes from the body.
2 Regulates water,electrolyte,and acid balance of the blood

1 Overall function is production of offspring.
2 Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
3 Overies produce eggs and female sex hormones.

4 The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
5 Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

The systems of the body may appear to be separate and distinct BBBBUUUTT the maintenance of most body functions requires the INtegration of many systems working together.

- The heart is superior to the liver
- The head is cephalic/cranial to the abdomen

- The stomach is inferior to the lung.
- The navel is caudal to the chin.

- The sternum(breastbone) is anterior to the heart.
- The breastbone is ventral to the spine

- The esophagus(food tube) is posterior to the trachea(windpipe)
- The heart is dorsal to the breastbone (sternum)

- The ulna is medial to the radius.
- The heart is medial to the arm.

- The lungs are lateral to the heart.
- The arms are lateral to the chest.

- The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.
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