Which layer is found in all blood vessels?
endothelium
Where is the BP the lowest
venae cavae
What is the correct equation for measuring blood pressure?
/_\P = CO x R
Baroreceptors for monitoring BP are located where
carotid sinus
In vigorous exercise which organ DOES NOT receive an increased blood supply
brain
Where is blood flow rate the slowest
capillaries
Where is capillary hydrostatic pressure the highest
arterial end of capillary
Which is NOT a transport process across a capillary wall?
active transport
What is responsible for internal capillary osmotic pressure
dissolved proteins
Which is responsible for INCREASED arterial pressure
increased in blood volume
where does renin come from
kidney
the unction of aldosterone is to
increase sodium reabsorption by the kidney
Why does the hormone ADH do?
causes the kidney to excere less water in the urine
Where is atrial natriuretic peptide produce
heart
What factor DOES NOT increase cardiac output
increased parasympathetic activity
What is considered normal bp?
120/80
What is not a source of blood vessel resistance to flow?
heart contraction rate
Which blood vesself has the largest amount of CT in its wall
vein
which blood vessels have the largest openings (lumen)
vein
What kind of tissue is the tunica media
muscular tissue
What is ateriovenous anastomosis
a direct connection between an arteriole and a venule
small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are called
lymph nodes
which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure
pancreas
both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily depended on
one way valves
the thymus is most active during
childhood
lymph leaves lymph nodes via
efferent lymphatic vessels
Antibodies are act against foreign substance are released by
plasma cells
The lymphatic capillaries are
more permeable than blood capillaries
By secreting hormones, the thymus causes what to become immunocompetent?
lymphocytes
Functions of the spleen include all those below except___?
crypts that trap bacteria
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes
B cells produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies into the blood
A ring of lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling in the oral cavity mucosa is called
tonsil
Peyer's patches are found in the
small intestine
what is a bubo
an infected lymph node
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not
directly fight antigens
Particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except
lower extremities
Functions of the lymphatic system include
transport of excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system
the tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the
lingual tonsils
which is NOT a normal component of lymph
red blood cells
What effect does age have on the size of the thymus
the thymus initially increases in size and then decreases in size from adolescence through old age
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies
composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
Passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
Which of the following is not a type of T cell
antigenic
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the
bone marrow
Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?
replaces injured tissue with connective tissue
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by
vasodilation
the system that recognizes foreign molecules and acts to immobilize, neutralize, and destroy them is them
immune system
the antibody is held together by ___ bonds
disulfide
in clonal selection of of B cells, which substance determines which B cel will eventually be clones
antigen
the only T cells than can directly attract and kill other cells are the
cytotoxic cells
____ predominate at sites of chronic infection
macrophages
Which of the following is part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
phagocytes
B cells respond to the original antigen challenge by
producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before the adaptive immune system is activated by
natural killer cells
which of the following is NOT specific to the adaptive immune system
it is a specific for a given organ
Innate immune system defenses include
phagocytosis
fever ____
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
Helpter T cells
function in the adaptive immune system activation
Cytotoxic T cells
are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
Clonal selection of B cells
results in the formation of plasma cells
where are podocytes located
glomerulus
where is the nephron primary filtrate the most concentrated
bend in the loop of henle
the glomerulus differs from most other capillaries in the body because
it is drained by an efferent arteriole
the descending limb of the loop of henle
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medull
the functional and structural unit of the kidney is the
the nephron
the chief force pushing water and dissolved solutes across the golmerular filtration structure is
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
the first major branch of the renal artery is
segmental
the mechanism of water reapsorption by renal tubule is
osmosis
absorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by
secondary active transport
excretion of dilute urine requires
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
alcohol acts as a diuretic because it
inhibits the release of ADH
the function of angiotensin II is to
inhibits the release of ADH
the function of angiotensin II is to
contrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
the glomerular filtrate is similar to the blood in composition except that it does not have significant amounts of
proteins
the juxaglomerular apparatus is responsible for
regulating the rate of filtration formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
the fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because
it stabilizes the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
which gland sits atop each kidney?
adrenal
the kidneys are stimulated to produce rennin
by a decrease in blood pressure
an increase in the permeability of cells of the cllecting tubule to water is due to
an increase in the production of ADH
which statement is true about urine
urine had nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid
Which IS NOT a force affecting the direction and magnitude of glomerular filtration in nephrons?
capsular colloid osmotic pressure