external nares (nostrils)

filters, warms, moistens incoming air & is passageway to pharynx

produce mucus; act as resonators for sound; lighten skull

bony prominences that provide space for nasal meatuses, through which incoming air is warmed & humidified

chamber shared by the digestive & respiratory system, passageway for air between mose & larynx and for food to travel from mouth to esophagus

inferior to hyoid bone and superior to trachea. cartilaginous structure surrounding glottis and vocal cords; passage way for air between pharynx and the rest of the respiratory tract, produces sound & protects trachea from foreign objects

largest laryngeal cartilage (adam's apple)

laryngeal cartilage inferior to thyroid cartilage

passageway from pharynx to the larynx

composed of elastic cartilage; folds back over the glottis during swallowing to prevent entry of food or liquids into the respiratory tract

passageway for air to and from thoracic cavity; traps and expels foreign matter

muscle separating thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity; enlarges thoracic cavity to allow for inspiration, returns to original position for expiration

passageways for air to and from lungs; filters air

passageways for air to and from alveoli

site of gas exchange; functional unit of lungs

major respiratory organs

protect, compartmentalize & lubricate the outer surface of the lungs, enclose pleural cavities

the region between 2 pleural cavities; also contains thymus, esophagus, & trachea

process by which oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs & tissues

breathing; the process by which air enters the lungs & is expelled from the lungs

air enters the lungs

air leaves the lungs

pertaining to the lungs

difficult breathing

period of no respiratory activity

rapid & deep breathing leading to an excessive in take of oxygen & elimination of carbon dioxide which can lead to respiratory alkalosis

slow and shallow breathing which can lead to respiratory acidosis

technique for removing an object blocking the airway; forcefully elevates the diaphragm by compression of the abdomen

false vocal cords- protects vocal cords

vocal cords

conducts air to the lungs (has cartilaginous rings)

right & left primary bronchi

larger in diameter & straighter

3 lobes

2 lobes (cardiac notch)

secondary bronchi

bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveoli

separated by mediastinum

serous membrane lining the pleural cavity

covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over the diaphragm & mediastinum

covers the outer surfaces of the lungs

forms a moist, slippery coating that provides lubrication between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura

the volume of air that is moved into and out of the lungs with each breath during normal quiet breathing

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal quiet inspiration

maximum amount of air that can be expelled above the tidal volume

total functional capacity of the lungs

air remaining in the lungs that cannot be expelled

the process by which air enters the lungs and is expelled from the lungs

a process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and tissues

diaphragm & external intercostal muscles

large muscular sheet that separates the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities; primary muscle of respiration; dome-shaped;

muscle of inspiration, muscle of abdominal straining, weight-lifting muscle, & thoracoabdominal pump

quiet breathing

deep breathing

shallow breathing

forced breathing

the most common lethal inherited disease that affects caucasians of northern european descent

leading cause of death from infectious disease in the world

a condition affecting mainly premature infants due to lack of surfactant

inflammation of the bronchial lining

causes permanent and irreversible loss of use of the alveoli & bronchioles

progressive and usually irreversible condition characterized by diminished breathing capacity

produce urine

functional units of the kidneys

blood enters the glomerulus through this

urination; emptying of the urinary bladder

pertaining to the kidney

each contain a glomerulus, bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, and distal tubule.

located nearest to the center of the body

farthest from the point of the origin of a structure

prefix meaning "bladder"

any substance that stimulates urination

kidney stones

type of treatment used for kidney failure in which dialysis devices act as "artificial" kidneys

sex cells

body cells

male gametes

egg cells - female gametes

male gamete + female gamete = a fertilized egg

saclike structures that contain testes

the male gonads where gametes are produced & hormones are secreted

copulatory organ of the male

the long proximal portion of the penis

distal portion of the penis

large fold of skin that covers the glans penis (sometimes removed in early infancy by a procedure - circumcision)

columns of specialized erectile tissue within the penile shaft

single midline column within the penile shaft

response to sexual excitation that occurs when the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum become engorged with blood causing the penis to enlarge & become rigid

coiled duct that connects the testis to the duct deferens; site of sperm maturation ; stores sperm

passageway that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

expanded portion of ductus deferens

contains sperm and secretions from the 3 male accessory glands: the prostate gland, the bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands, and the seminal vessicles

secretes an alkaline prostatic fluid

secretes mucus that lubricates the penile urethra

secretes seminal fluid which is an alkaline, fructose rich fluid

the most common cancer in the US among males in the age range from 15-35 years old.

filled with a nucleus

cap on the head of sperm, contains acid hydrolases

contains centrioles & mitochondria

flagellum

normal range is from 20-100 million per milliliter

female external genitalia

fatty tissue which covers the pubic symphysis (covered with hair)

two vertical folds of fat filled skin which are homologous to the male scrotum (contains sebaceous and sweat glands & are covered by hair)

medial to the labia majora

a small rounded tissue projection anterior to the labia minora which contains erectile (homologue to the penis)

hood of skin covering the clitoris

exposed portion of the clitoris

diamond shaped area at the base of the pelvic cavity

membranous tissue covering the vaginal opening before first intercourse

cylindrical cavity extending from the vulva to the uterus

small, pear shaped organ in which implantation and the growth and development of the fetus occurs

inferior portion of the uterus

broad, superior portion of the uterus

made up of 3 layers: myometrium, endometrium, and perimetrium

two tubes approximately 5 inches in length containing ciliated cells which help propel the oocyte through the tube

expanded, distal end of the uterine tubes which ends in fimbriae

almond shaped organs on either side of the uterus (produce, nourish, and release ova as was as produce progesterone & estrogen)

uterus

modified sweat glands that produce and secrete milk in the female

small, conical projection

darkened area around the nipple

small bumps on the surface of the areola

a common cancer in women and is one of the leading causes of death by cancer among females

x-rays used to detect early breast cancer

a single cell resulting from the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm

fertilization to the end of the 8th week

beginning of the 9th week to birth

about day 3

cells cleave

fluid filled hollow sphere

when the zygote divides repeatedly

9 months of prenatal development (divided into 3 trimesters)

period of embryological development & early fetal development

development of organs and organ systems

characterized by rapid fetal growth

forcible expulsion of the fetus

dilation, expulsion, and placental

89

when more than 1 ovum is released from the ovary at the same time and are fertilized

result from the same fertilized ovum

inferior vocal folds (lower vocal folds)

thyroid cartilage

flexible elastic cartilage of epiglottis

cricoid cartilage

arytenoid cartilage

it reinforces the trachea walls to help maintain an open passageway regardless of the pressure changes that occur during breathing.

it allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly when a large food bolus is swallowed.

warms, moistens, and filters the air that passes through the nasal cavity

left main bronchi

right main bronchi

left main bronchi

right main bronchi

connects the larynx to the primary bronchi

site of tonsils

food passageway posterior to the trachea

covers the glottis during swallowing of food

contains the vocal cords

nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration

pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax

site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood

connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

opening between the vocal cords

increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity

separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

the gas exchange between the blood & the air-filled chambers of the lungs (oxygen loading/ carbon dioxide unloading)

exchange of gases between systemic blood & tissue cells (oxygen unloading & carbon dioxide loading)

metabolic processes in which ATP is produced through the use of oxygen & the release of carbon dioxide as a waste product

part by part

it rapidly deflates

elastic connective tissue

being composed of a single thin layer overlying a large surface area of wispy basal lamina

because the partial pressure of oxygen is greater in the alveoli therefore it moves according to the laws of diffusion into the pulmonary blood

perineal fat capsules anchor the kidneys to the dorsal body in a retroperitoneal position & cushion it against blows

they have not yet gained control over their external sphincter

as a result of a spinal cord injury, emotional problems, bladder irritability, or some other pathology of the urinary tract

fibrous capsule

medulla

cortex

cortex

renal pelvis

minor calyx

renal column

glomerulus

proximal convoluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

collecting ducts

peritubular capillaries

glomerular capsule

the bed is fed & drained by arterioles (high resistance vessels) and the afferent feeder arteriole is larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole draining the bed

the pressure drives out fluid and blood components into the glomerular capsule which forms the filtrate, thus, the higher the capillary bed, the more filtrate will be formed

to produce sperm & produce testosterone

a physician will gently insert a finger into the anus and palpate the anterior wall of the rectum

as it enlarges, layers surrounding the tissue stop it from expanding, causing the gland to press against the urethra. the constriction of the urethra may lead to nonpassage of urine or sperm

because the scrotum provides a slightly cooler environment (94 degrees F) which is a requirement for producing viable sperm

copulatory organ/ penetrating device

muscular passageway conveying sperm to the ejaculatory duct; in the spermatic cord

transports both sperm and urine

sperm maturation site

location of the testis in adult males

loose fold of skin encircling the glans penis

portion of the urethra between the prostate & the penis

empties a secretion into the prostatic urethra

empties a secretion into the membranous urethra

it helps buffer the sperm against the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract, increasing the sperms ability to fertilize

seminferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, & ductus deferens

site of fetal development

copulatory canal

egg typically fertilized here

becomes erect during sexual excitement

duct extending superolaterally from the uterus

partially closes the vaginal canal; a membrane

produces oocytes, estrogens, and progesterone

fingerlike ends of the uterine tube

yes, because the ovaries lie adjacent to the uterine tubes but they are not connected, thus allowing the sperm into the pelvic cavity

is when an embryo implants in a site other than the uterus. this can occur when the fallopian tubs are blocked (prevents passage) or when an egg is lost in the peritoneal cavity & fertilization occurs there.

ejection of an immature egg (oocyte) from the ovary

endometrium, myometrium, & perimetrium

endometrium

myometrium

primary oocytes

it is much smaller, because the female is given a set number of germ cells that will last her a lifetime whereas the males are constantly producing sperm

a sac like structure containing follicle cells in one or more layers that encloses the gamete

vagina, cervix, uterus, uterine tube, peritoneal cavity

anytime, but the 3-day interval around ovulation