Nervous System Flashcards

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS are called

A resting membrane potential is due to

The term “ saltatory conduction” refers to

A local anesthetic functions by blocking

Most excitatory neurons in the CNS communicate via the neurotransmitter

Catecholamines include the following

Following injury to a peripheral neuron, chromatolysis occurs, which is

What part of the neuron is necessary for regeneration to occur after injury

The “glue” that holds the nerve tissue

During an action potential

Caused by a virus in the brain

In the adult, the spinal cord extends from the medulla to

Swelling or knot. Small masses of nercous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, that are located outside the brain and spinal cord.

The cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons are located in swellings known as

Sensory spinal tracts are also known as

The phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm, arises from the

What are the five major components of a spinal reflex arc

The polio virus typically attacks

The contralateral reflex that helps you maintain your balance when the flexor reflex is initiated is the

“Loss of sensation to a neuron” is called

The avascular layer of the meninges is

The roots of these spinal nerves angle inferiorly in the vertebral cavity from the end of the spinal cord

Arises from the conus medullaris. Extension of the pia mater that extends inferiorly and anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

In the center of the gray commissure is a small space that extend the entire length of the spinal cord and filled with cerbrospinal fluid

“Inflammation" of a nerve due to a bone fracture

Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord and around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space. Btw the arachnoid mater and pia mater.

Allows exchange of nutrients and wates products between the blood and nervous tissue

CSF is formed in the

CSF is a clear, colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord from

Transmits pain and temperature sensations to the thalamus and then to the cerebrum

Conscious control over eye, jaw, and face muscles

Conscious control of skeletal muscles

Classification of a spinal nerve b/c the posterior root contains sensory axons and the anterior root contains motor axon

Procedure used to withdraw CSF for diagnostic purposes

Contains interstitial fluid

The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is located in the

The primary visual area and visual association area of the cerebral cortex are both located in the

Temporary cerebral dysfunction including dizziness, weakness…etc is referred to as

The large, dural venous extending over the top of the brain is

Cranial nerve V is the

Where is the place responsible for maintaining consciousness and for awakening from sleep (center name).

The superior cerebellar peduncles connect ___ and ___ (which two places).

The main brain region the regulates posture and balance is the

Raising osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid stimulates the thirst center located in the

Control of the ANS is an important function of the area of the diencephalons called

The upfolds of cerebral tissue are known as ___ or ___.

The postcentral gyrus of the cerebrum contains the primary ___ area.

Subdivisions of the PNS are the

Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ? division and the ? division

The sensory function of the nervous system involves sensory receptors sensing certain changes in the

Sensory neurons receive electical signals from

The integrative function of the nervous system involves

Motor functions involves

A neuron's resting membrance potential is established and maintained by differences

A neuron's resting membrance potential is established and maintained by the fact that there are numerous large,

A neuron's resting membrance potential is established and maintained by sodium potassium pumps that help to

Neurons with just one process extending from the cell body; are always sensory neurons

Small phagocytics neuroglia

Help maintain an appropriate chemical environment for generations of action potentials by neurons; part of the blood-brain barrier

Provide myelin sheath for CNS axons

Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

A cluster of cell bodies within the CNS

Form CSF and assist in its circulation; form blood-cerebrospinal barrier

Neurons having several dendrites and one axon; most commons neuronal type

Neurons with one main dendrite and one axon; found in the retina of the eye

Provide myelin sheath for PNS axon

Support neurons in PNS ganglia

A cluster of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord

Aggregation of myelinated processes from many neurons

Bundles of axons and associated connective tissue and blood vessels lying outside of the CNS

Extensive neuronal networks that help regulate the digestive system

Sequence of rapidly occurring events that decreases and eventually reverses the membrane potential and the restores it to the resting state; a newve impluse

A small deviation from the resting membrane potential that makes the membrane either more or less polarized

Period of time when a second action potential can be initiated with a very strong stimulus

The minimum level of depolarization required for a nerve impulse to be generated

The recovery of the resting membrane potential

A neurotransmitter caused hyperpolarizaiton of the postysnaptic membrane

A neurtransmitter caused depolarization of the postysnaptice membrane

Time during which a neuron cannot produce an action potential even with a very strong stimulus

Polarization that is less negative than the resting level

Results from the buildup of neurotransmitter released simultaneuously by several presynaptic end bulbs

The hyperpolarization that occurs after the repolarizing phase of an action potential

polarization that is more negative than the resting level

Results from the buildup of neurotransmitter from the rapid, successive release by a single presynaptic end bulb

The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles

Rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons; site of protein synthesis

Store neurotransmitter

The process that progagates nerve impulses toward another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell

The highly branched receiving or input portion of a neuron

A multilayered lipid and protein covering for axons produced by neuroglia

The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell

First portion of the axon, closest to the axon hillock

Site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell

Form the cytoskeleton of a neuron

Gaps in the nyelin sheath of an axon

General term for any neuronal process

Area where the axon joins the cell body

Area where nerve impluse arise

The numerous fine processes at the ends of an axon and its collaterals

Interstitial fluid-filled space separating two neurons

A reflux resulting in the contraction of a skeletal muscle when it is stretched

Receptors that monitor changes in muscle length

A balance-maintaining reflex

Operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation when muscle force becomes too extreme

Reflex arc that consists of one sensory and one motor neuron

Acts as a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction

Sensory impulses enter on one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the opposite side

Occurs when sensory nerve impulse travels up and down the spinal cord, thereby activating several motor neurons and more then one effector

Polysynaptic reflex initiated in response to a painful stimulus

Receptors that monitor changes in muscle tension

Maintains proper muscle tone

Reflex pathway that contains sensory neurons, inter neurons, and motor neurons

Motor nerve impulses exit the spinal cord on the smae side that sensory impulses entered the spinal cord

Protects the tendons and muscle from damage due to excessive tension

A neural circuit that coordinates body movements by causing contraction of one muscle and relaxation of antagonistic muscles or relaxation of a muscle and contraction of the antagonists

The joining together of the anterior rami of adjacent nerves

Spinal nerve branches that serve the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk

Spinal nerve branches that serve the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the lateral and ventral trunk

Area of the spinal cord from which nerves to and from the upper limbs arise

The roots form the nerves that arise from the inferior part of the spinal cord but do not leave the vertebral column at the same level as they exit the cord

Contains motor neurons axons and conducts impulses from the spinal cord to the peripheral organs and cells

Avascular covering of spinal cord composed of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers

Contains sensory neurons axons and conducts impluses from the peripheral receptors into the spinal cord

Superficial spinal cord covering of dense, irregular connective tissue

An extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

Extending the length of the spinal cord, these pia mater thickenings fuse with the arachnoid mater and dura mater and help to protect the spinal cord from shock and sudden displacement

Thin transparent connective tissue composed of interlacing bundles of collagen fibers and some elastic fibers adhering to the spinal cord's surface

Space within the spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Spinal nerve branch that supplies vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges

Provides the entire nerve supply of the shoulders and upper limbs

Provide the nerve supply of the skin and muscles of the head,m neck, and superior part of the shoulders and chest

Provides the nerve supply of the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower limbs

Provides the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs

Formed by the anterior rami of C1-C4 with some contribution by C5

Formed by anterior rami of S4-S5 and coccygeal nerves

Formed by the anterior rami of L1-L4

Formed by the anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1

Formed by the anterior rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4

Phrenic nerve arises from this plexus

Median nerve arises from this plexus

Sciatic nerve arises from this plexus

Femoral nerve arises from this plexus

Supplies a small area of skin in coccygeal region

Injury to this plexus can affect breathing

Cranial nerve that has dermatome

Largest nerve in the body

Oculomotor

Trigerminal

abducens

vestibulocochlear

acessory

vagus

facial

glossopharyngeal

olfactory

trochlear

optic

hypogloccal

Functions in sense of smell

Functions in chewing

Functions in facial expression and secretion of saliva and tears

Functions in movement of tongue during speech and swallowing

functions in secretion of saliva, taste, regulation of blood pressure and muscle sense

sensory only

functions in eye movement by controlling extrinsic eye muscles

functions in swallowing and head movements

Functions in secretion of digestive fluids

Emotional brain; involved in olfaction and memory

Bridge connecting parts of the brain with each other

Sensory relay area

Alerts the cerbral cortex to incoming sensory signals and helps regulate muscle tone

The motor command center; regulates posture and balance

Lacks a blood-brain barrier; can monitor chemical changes in the blood

Sire of decussation of pyramids

Site of pneumataxic and apneustic areas

Secretes melatoni

Contains sensory, motor, and association areas

Responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep

Controls ANS

Contains reflex centers for movement of the eyes, head, and neck

Plays an essential role in awareness and in the acquisition of knowledge; cognition

Several groups of nuclei that control large autonomic movements of skeletal muscles and help regulate muscle tone required for specific body movements

Produces hormones that requlate endocrine gland function

Contains the vital cardiovascular center and medullary rhythmicity center

Protrusions in the medulla formed by the large corticospinal tracts

Dura mater extension that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

Fingerlike extension of arachnoid mater where CSF reabsorbed

Dura mater extension that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres

Located in the hypothalamus; relay stations for reflexes related to smell

Fold in the cerbral cortex

Shallow grooves in the cerebral cortex

Bundles of white matter that relay information between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain

A thick band of sensory and motor tracts that connect the cerebral cortex with the brain stem and spinal cord

Dura mater extension that separates the cerbrum from the cerebellum

Thin membranous partition between the lateral ventricles

Allows planning and production of speech

Interprets pitch and rhythm

Controls voluntary contraction of muscles

Allows recognition and evaluation of visual experiences

Integration and interpretation of somatic sensations: comparison of past to present sensations

Receives inpulses for touch, proprioception, pain, and temperature

Receive impulses for taste

Interpretation of sounds as speech, music, or noise

Receives impulses from many sensory and association areas as well as the thalamus and brain stem; allows formation of thoughts so appropriate action can occur

Translates words into thoughts

Receives impulses for smell

Allows interpretation of shape, color, and movement

Coordinates mucles movement for complex, learned sequential motor activities

Involved in scanning eye movements