axial skeleton
skull, ribs, vertebrae
Apendicular Skeleton
arms and legs
Endochonral bones (4)
1. long bones: femur, radius
2. short bones: tarsal, and carple
3. flat bones: frontal bone
4. irregular bones: vertebra
1. Wormian bones
2. Sesamoid bones
1. sutural bones
2. patella

...
diaphysis
shaft of bone
epiphysis
expanded, knobby region @ each end of long bone
metaphysis
region of mature bone sandwiched between epiphysis and diaphysis
epiphyseal line
(epiphyseal plate) thin layer of compact bone
articular cartilage
thin layer of hyaline cartilage cobering the epiphysis at a joint surface
medulary cavity
hollow, cylindrical space w/in the diaphysis
endostium
incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone
periostium
tough sheath that covers the outer surfaces of bone
perforating fibers
strong collagen fibers that anchor the periosteum to bone
cells of bone (4)
1. Osteoprogenitor cell
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocyte
4. osteoclast
Cells of bone
1. Osteoprogenitor cell
stem cells derived from mesenchyme
Cells of bone
2. Osteoblasts
-secrete what?
bone forming cells
- Osteoid: semisolid, organic form of bone; later hardens as a resultof calcium deposition
Cells of Bone
3. Osteocyte
bone cell in a lacunae; matures bone cells derived from osteoblasts, they got trapped by matrix they secreted
lacunae
Small space,cavity, or depression
Cells of Bone
4. Osteoclasts
large cell type that functions in the absorption and removal of bone tissue

...
hemopoeisis
red blood cell production
red bone marrow
1. what is it
2. where is it located?
1. a connective tissue where RBC's are produced
2. in some spongy bone
endochondral ossification
steps (1-4)
1. the developing bone begins as cartilage cells
2. cartilage matrix grows inward (interstitial growth)
3. cartilage matrix grows outward (appositional growth)
4. blood vessels grow around the cartilage
endochondral ossification
steps (5-9)
5. Perichondrial cells convert to osteoblasts
6. osteoblasts develop a superficial layer of bone around the cartilage
7. blood vessels penetrate the cartilage
8. osteoblasts begin to develop spongy bone in the diaphysis
9. this becomes the primary center of ossification
endochondral ossification
steps (10-13)
10. the cartilage near the epiphysis converts to bone
11. blood vessels penetrate the epiphysis
12. osteoblasts begin to develop spongy bone in the epiphysis
13. epiphysis becomes the secondary center of ossification


Achondroplasic dwarf
when long bones of the limbs stop growing during childhood
Classification of Articulations
Functional (3)
1. synarthrosis
2. ampharthrosis
3. diarthrosis
Classification of Articulations
Structural (3)
1. fibrous
2. cartilaginous
3. synovial
Classifications of Articulations
Functional
1. Synarthrosis
2. amphiarthrosis
3. diarthrosis
1. immovable
2. slightly movable
3. freely movable
Classifications of Articulations
Functional
1. synarthrosis
-include (4)
A. sutures
B. gomphosis
C. synchondrosis
D. synostosis
Classification of Articulations
Functional
1. 1. synarthrosis
A. surutes
B. gomphosis
C. synchondrosis
D. synostosis
A. joints found only in the skull. bones are interlocked together
B. joint between teeth and jaw bones. Periodontal ligaments of the teeth
C. joint within epiphysis of bone. Binds the diaphysis to the epiphysis
D. joint between two fused bones. Fusion of the three coxal bones
Classifications of Articulations
Functional
2. amphiarthrosis
-include
A. Syndesmosis
B. Symphysis
Classification of Articulations
Functional
2. amphiarthrosis
A. Syndesmosis
B. Symphysis
A. ligaments that connect two bones but limit their motion. Between the radius and ulna, Between the tibia and fibula
B. bones are separated by a wedge or pad of cartilage. Between the pubic bones of the two coxal bones
Classifications of Articulations
Functional
3. Diarthroses
A. also called...
B. typically found...
C. examples
A. synovial joints
B. at the ends of long bones
C. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
Characteristics of synovial joints
(6)
1. A joint capsule
2. The presence of articular cartilages
3. A joint cavity with synovial fluid
4. A synovial membrane
5. Accessory structures (cartilage, ligaments, 6. 6. tendons, bursae sacs)
7. Sensory nerves and blood vessels
fibrous joints (2)
1. sutures
2. syndesmosomes
Cartilaginous joints (4)
1. symphyses
2. intervertebral discs
3. synchondroses
4. epiphyseal plates
synovial joints
1. synovial membrane
2. synovial cavity w/ synovial fluid
3. articular cartilage (hyaline)
4. articular capsule (reinforced by ligaments)

...
function of synovial fluid (3)
1. Lubricates
2. Nourishes chondrocytes
3. Acts as shock absorber

...
types of movement (4.
1. linear movements
2. angular movements
3. rotation
4. special movements

1. initial position
2. linear motion
3. angular motion
4. circumduction
5. rotation
movement types
1. linear movement
-examples (3)
2. Angular movements
- examples (2)
1. two bones gliding past each other
- Carpal/carpal, tarsal/tarsal, clavicle/sternum
2. abduction/adduction, flexion/extendion
movement types
3. Rotational movements
4. special movements
- examples (6)
3. pronation/supination
4. inversion/eversion, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, lateral flexion, protraction/retraction, opposition, depression/elevation
structural classification of joints (6)
1. plane joints 4. condylar joints
2. hinge joints 5. saddle joints
3. pivot joints 6. ball and socket joints
structural classification of joints
1. plane joints
2. hinge joints
3. pivot joints
1. gliding joints
A. Nonaxial (glides only in one direction)
B. Multiaxial (glides in all directions
2. Flexion and extension
3. Rotational movements
structural classification of joints
4. condylar joints
5. saddle joints
6. ball and socket joints
1. Oval articular surface on one bone articulates with a depression on another bone
2. Biaxial joints that allow some circumduction
3. Triaxial joints
structural classification of joints
4. condylar joints examples
5. saddle joints examples
6. ball and socket joints examples
4. Radius/capitulum, Radius/carpals, Phalanges/metacarpals, Phalanges/metatarsals
5. Pollex/metacarpal
6. Shoulder joint, Hip joint
synovial joints
accessory structures
1. synovial joint cavity
2. articular (hyaline) cartilage
3. articular capsule
4. synovial fluid
5. accessory ligaments
synovial joints
-accessory structures
1. synovial joint cavity
3. articular capsule
1. a space that contains small amounts of synovial fluid.
3. double layered capsule around sunovial joint
Articular capsule
-includes
1. fibrous capsule
2. synovial membrane
Articular Capsule
1. fibrous capsule
2. sunocial membrane
1. outer layer, dense CT, strengthens joint so bones don't pull apart
2. inner layer, areolar CT,covers internal joint structure and secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid
functions (3)
1. lubricates
2. nourishes
3. shock absorber (protection)
Accessory ligaments
-include
1. Bursa
2. articular discs
Accessory ligaments
1. Bursa
fibrous sacks like structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by synovial memb.
Arthritis=
-includes
= inflamatory or degenerative diseases of joints
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Rheumatoid arthritis
3. Gouty arthritis