skull, ribs, vertebrae

arms and legs

1. long bones: femur, radius
2. short bones: tarsal, and carple
3. flat bones: frontal bone
4. irregular bones: vertebra

1. sutural bones
2. patella

...

shaft of bone

expanded, knobby region @ each end of long bone

region of mature bone sandwiched between epiphysis and diaphysis

(epiphyseal plate) thin layer of compact bone

thin layer of hyaline cartilage cobering the epiphysis at a joint surface

hollow, cylindrical space w/in the diaphysis

incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone

tough sheath that covers the outer surfaces of bone

strong collagen fibers that anchor the periosteum to bone

1. Osteoprogenitor cell
2. osteoblasts
3. osteocyte
4. osteoclast

stem cells derived from mesenchyme

bone forming cells
- Osteoid: semisolid, organic form of bone; later hardens as a resultof calcium deposition

bone cell in a lacunae; matures bone cells derived from osteoblasts, they got trapped by matrix they secreted

Small space,cavity, or depression

large cell type that functions in the absorption and removal of bone tissue

...

red blood cell production

1. a connective tissue where RBC's are produced
2. in some spongy bone

1. the developing bone begins as cartilage cells
2. cartilage matrix grows inward (interstitial growth)
3. cartilage matrix grows outward (appositional growth)
4. blood vessels grow around the cartilage

5. Perichondrial cells convert to osteoblasts
6. osteoblasts develop a superficial layer of bone around the cartilage
7. blood vessels penetrate the cartilage
8. osteoblasts begin to develop spongy bone in the diaphysis
9. this becomes the primary center of ossification

10. the cartilage near the epiphysis converts to bone
11. blood vessels penetrate the epiphysis
12. osteoblasts begin to develop spongy bone in the epiphysis
13. epiphysis becomes the secondary center of ossification

when long bones of the limbs stop growing during childhood

1. synarthrosis
2. ampharthrosis
3. diarthrosis

1. fibrous
2. cartilaginous
3. synovial

1. immovable
2. slightly movable
3. freely movable

A. sutures
B. gomphosis
C. synchondrosis
D. synostosis

A. joints found only in the skull. bones are interlocked together
B. joint between teeth and jaw bones. Periodontal ligaments of the teeth
C. joint within epiphysis of bone. Binds the diaphysis to the epiphysis
D. joint between two fused bones. Fusion of the three coxal bones

A. Syndesmosis
B. Symphysis

A. ligaments that connect two bones but limit their motion. Between the radius and ulna, Between the tibia and fibula
B. bones are separated by a wedge or pad of cartilage. Between the pubic bones of the two coxal bones

A. synovial joints
B. at the ends of long bones
C. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

1. A joint capsule
2. The presence of articular cartilages
3. A joint cavity with synovial fluid
4. A synovial membrane
5. Accessory structures (cartilage, ligaments, 6. 6. tendons, bursae sacs)
7. Sensory nerves and blood vessels

1. sutures
2. syndesmosomes

1. symphyses
2. intervertebral discs
3. synchondroses
4. epiphyseal plates

1. synovial membrane
2. synovial cavity w/ synovial fluid
3. articular cartilage (hyaline)
4. articular capsule (reinforced by ligaments)

...

1. Lubricates
2. Nourishes chondrocytes
3. Acts as shock absorber

...

1. linear movements
2. angular movements
3. rotation
4. special movements

1. initial position
2. linear motion
3. angular motion
4. circumduction
5. rotation

1. two bones gliding past each other
- Carpal/carpal, tarsal/tarsal, clavicle/sternum
2. abduction/adduction, flexion/extendion

3. pronation/supination
4. inversion/eversion, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, lateral flexion, protraction/retraction, opposition, depression/elevation

1. plane joints 4. condylar joints
2. hinge joints 5. saddle joints
3. pivot joints 6. ball and socket joints

1. gliding joints
A. Nonaxial (glides only in one direction)
B. Multiaxial (glides in all directions
2. Flexion and extension
3. Rotational movements

1. Oval articular surface on one bone articulates with a depression on another bone
2. Biaxial joints that allow some circumduction
3. Triaxial joints

4. Radius/capitulum, Radius/carpals, Phalanges/metacarpals, Phalanges/metatarsals
5. Pollex/metacarpal
6. Shoulder joint, Hip joint

1. synovial joint cavity
2. articular (hyaline) cartilage
3. articular capsule
4. synovial fluid
5. accessory ligaments

1. a space that contains small amounts of synovial fluid.
3. double layered capsule around sunovial joint

1. fibrous capsule
2. synovial membrane

1. outer layer, dense CT, strengthens joint so bones don't pull apart
2. inner layer, areolar CT,covers internal joint structure and secretes synovial fluid

1. lubricates
2. nourishes
3. shock absorber (protection)

1. Bursa
2. articular discs

fibrous sacks like structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by synovial memb.

= inflamatory or degenerative diseases of joints
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Rheumatoid arthritis
3. Gouty arthritis