Biology 7 Exam #2 Ch. 26, 27, 28 Flashcards

What is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species?

The discipline of ................. classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships.

Systematics use....

What is the ordered division and naming of organisms?

In the 18th century who published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances?

What two key features of Linnaeus' system remain useful today?

The two-part scientific name of a species is called a ..........?

First part of name is.......? Second part of the name is.......?

What is unique for each species with the genus?

Who was the person that grouped together the Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species?

A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called a ......?

Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching...........?

What recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants?

What does a phylogenetic tree represent?

Each .............. represents the divergence of two species.

What are groups that share an immediate common ancestor?

A ................... includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.

What diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group?

What is a branch from which more than two groups emerge?

What show patterns of descent, not phenotypic similarity?

Phylogenetic trees dont indicate when.........?

It should not be assumed that a taxon evolved from the.........?

Phylogenies are inferred from..............

To infer phylogenies, systematists gather information about ..........,.........,.......... of living organisms.

Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry are called ............?

When constructing a phylogeny, systematists need to distinguish whether a similarity is the result of homology or .....?

Homology is similarity due to .............?

Analogy is ................?

What occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptions in organisms from different evolutionary lineages?

Bat and bird wings are ....... as forelimbs but ....... as functional wings.

Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently are also called ........?

Homology can be distinguished from analogy by ...........?

The more complex two similar structures are, the more likely it is that they are........?

What uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships?

What groups organisms by common descent?

What is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants?

A valid clade is ............, signifying that it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants.

What grouping consists of various species with different ancestors?

What grouping consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants?

What is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon?

Characters shared by the ........... and ........ are ancestral characters that predate the divergence of both groups from a common ancestor.

What is a species or group off species that is closely related to the ingroup.

An ingroup is ...........?

An outgroup is a group that has.......

What compare each ingroup species with the outgroup to differentiate between shared derived and shared ancestral characteristics.

What assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely?

The principle of .................. states that, given certain rules about how DNA changes overtime, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.

The best hypothesis for phylogenetic treed fit the most data:

What allows us to predict features of an ancestor from features of its decendants?

An organism's evolutionary history is documented in its....?

What are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species.

Orthologous genes can diverge only after what occurs?

What results from gene duplication, and are found in more than one copy in the genome?

What are the five kingdoms recognized?

What is the movement of genes from one genome to another?

What occurs by exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, and fusion of organisms?

What two domains are prokaryotes divided into?

Earth's first organisms were likely.........?

Most prokaryotes are............ although some species form ...........?

What are the three most common shapes of a prokaryotic cell?

An important feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is their.............?

What do prokaryotic cell walls do?

Eukaryote cell walls are made of ............?

Bacterial cell walls contain ...............?

What is a peptidoglycan?

Archaea contain polysaccharides and proteins, but lack.............?

Scientists use the ............... to classify bacteria by cell wall composition.

What bacteria have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan?

What bacteria have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic?

Many ............. target peptidoglycan and damage bacterial cell walls.

Gram-negative bacteria are more likely to be ................?

A polysaccharide or protein layer called a ............ covers many prokaryotes.

Some prokaryotes have ..........., which allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony.

What is longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA?

In a heterogeneous environment, many bacteria exhibit ..........., the ability to move toward or away from a stimulus.

What is the movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus?

Most .......... propel themselves by flagella scattered about the surface or concentrate at one or both ends.

What are composed of different proteins and likely evolved independently ?

Prokaryotic cells usually lack ...............?

Some prokaryotes do have specialized membranes that perform..............?

Metabolic function are usually in foldings of the ............?

The prokaryotic genome has less DNA than the .................?

Most of the genome consists of a................?

The chromosome is not surrounded by a membrane; it is located in the .............. region.

Some species of bacteria also have smaller rings of DNA called.............?

What is small, reproduce by binary fission, and have short generation times?

Many prokaryotes from metabolically inactive ..........., which can remain viable in harsh condition for centuries.

Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote ..........

Prokaryotes have considerable ............?

What three factors contribute to this genetic diversity ?

Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission and offspring cells are generally ..........?

High diversity from mutations allows for ...............?

What is the combining of DNA from two sources which contributes diversity?

Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together by...............?

Movement of genes among individuals from different species is called ............?

What is the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells?

What cell attaches to a recipient by a pilus, pulls it closer, and transfers DNA?

A piece if DNA called the ........ is required for the production of pili.

Cells contain the .............. function as DNA donors during conjugation.

Cells without the.............. as DNA recipients during conjugation.

The F factor is transferable during ................?

What carry genes for antibiotic resistance?

Through ........... the fraction of bacteria with genes for resistance increases in a population to antibiotics.

Genetic recombination, the combing of DNA from two sources, contributes to............?

Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together by ....................?

Movement of genes among individuals from different species is called ..............?

Prokaryotes can be categorized by how they obtain ................?

What obtain energy from light?

What obtain energy from chemicals?

What require CO2 as a carbon source?

What require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds?

Energy and carbon sources are combined to give what four major modes of nutrition?

What require O2 for cellular respiration?

What are poisoned by O2, and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration?

What can survive with or without O2?

What is essential for the production of amino acids and nucleic acids?

In .................. some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.

In the cyanobacterium Anabaena, photosysnthetic cells and nitrogen-fixing cells called ............ exchange metabolic products.

In some prokaryotic species, metabolic cooperation occurs in surface-coating colonies called ...........?

What led to the splitting of prokaryotes into bacteria and archaea?

Molecular systematics comtinue to work on the ............?

The use of ..........has allowed for more rapid sequencing or prokaryote genomes.

Some archaea live in extreme environments and are called ...........?

What lives in highly saline environments?

What thrive in very hot environments?

What live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product?

What are strict anaerobes and are poisoned by O2?

What include the vast majority of prokaryotes of which most people are aware?

What gram-negative bacteria include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrphs, and heterotrphs.

What forms root nodules in legumes and fixes atmospheric N2?

What produces tumors in plants and is used in genetic engineering?

What are the four subgroups?

What bacteria are parasites that live within animal cells?

What causes blindness and nongonococcal urethritis by sexual transmission?

What bacteria are helical heterotrophs which causes syphillis ?

What are photoautotrophs that generate O2?

Plant chloroplasts likely evolved from cyanobacteria by the process of ...........?

Gram-positive bacteria include .....?

If........... were to disappear the prospects for any other life surviving would be dim.

Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as........., breaking down dead organisms and waste products.

Prokaryotes can sometimes increase the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for ............?

Prokaryotes can also "immobilize" or ...........?

What is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger....... and smaller....... symbiont.

In................, both symbiotic organisms benefit.

In ............, one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way.

In ........., an organism called a .........harms but doesnt kill its host.

Parasites that cause disease are called ............

Some prokaryotes are human ......., but other have ......... with humans.

what are home to about 500-1000 species of bacteria?

Pathogenic prokaryotes typically cause disease by releasing .............?

What are secreted and cause disease even if the prokaryotes that produce them are not present?

What are released only when bacteria die and their cell wall break down?

Prokaryotes are the principle agents in .........., the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment.

What is the informal name of the groups of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.

What are eukaryotes?

What have organelles and are more complex than prokaryotic cells?

Single celled protists can be very complex because.......

Protists include ...........?

What contains chloroplasts?

What absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles?

What combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition?

What is the process in which a unicellular organism engulfs another cell, which becomes an endosymbiont and then organelle in the host cell?

What evolved by endosymbiosis of an aerobic prokaryote?

What evolved by endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium?

The clade ....... is characterized by its cytoskeleton?

What two groups lack plastids, have modified mitochondria, and most live in anaerobic environments?

Diplomonads have modified mitochondria called.......

what derive energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways?

What have two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella?

What are often parasites?

Parabasalids have reduced mitochondria called ....... that generate some energy .........

What include trichomonas vaginalis?

What is a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic, autotrophs and parasites?

What clade is a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella?

What clade includes the kinetoplastids and euglenoids?

What have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast?

What include free living consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moist terrestrial ecosystems ?

What group includes Trypanosoma, which causes sleeping sickness in humans?

What have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell?

Some date suggest that the clade......... is monophyletic.

What clade is controversial and includes the alveolates and the stramenopiles?

Members of the clade ........ have membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane.

The alveolates include:

What have two flagella and each cell is reinforced by cellulose plates?

What are abundant components of both marine and freshwater phytoplankton?

What are a diverse group of aquatic phototrophs, mixotrophs, and heterotrophs?

What are parasites of animals and some cause serious human disease?

What spread through their host as infectious cells called sporozoites?

What contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues?

What mostly has sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species for completion ?

The apicomplexan .......... is the parasite that causes malaria

What is a large varied group of protists and are named for their use of cilia to move and feel?

What has a large micronuclei and a small micronuclei?

what results from conjugation in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei?

What is a sexual process and is separate from reproduction, which generally occurs by binary fission?

The clade.......... includes important phototrophs as well as several clades of heterotrophs

Most ........ have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum

what includes diatoms, golden algae, brown algae and oomycetes?

What are unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass like wall of hydrated sulica?

What usually reproduce asexually and occasionally sexually ?

What is a major component of phytoplankton and are highly diverse?

The cells of ........... are typically briflagellated with both flagella near one en.

All golden algae are............and some are...........?

What are the largest and most complex algae?

What algae are multicellular and most are marine?

The algae body is plantlike but lacks true roots, stems, and leaves and called........?

the rootlike ............anchors the stemlike.............,which in turn supports the leaflike .......

What is one of the most complex like cycle and the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms?

what generations are structurally different, while............. generations look similar,

What include water molds, white rusts and downy mildews?

most ........ are decomposers or parasites

what have filaments that facilitate nutrient uptake?

DNA evidence supports ............. as a monophyletic clade

what move and feed by ............; some but not all belong to the clade Rhizaria

rhizarians include ................, forams, and cercozoans

the pseudopodia of ,,,,,,,,,,,,radiate from the central body.

........ are names for porous, generally multichambered shells, called........?

Many............. have endosymbiotic algae

...........include most amoeboid and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopodia.

What are commonly in marine, freshwater and soil ecosystems?

What is the supergroups that includes red algae, green algae, and land parts?

What are reddish in color die to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll?

Red algae are usually ............

Green algae are a ............. group

The main two paraphyletic groups are ..............?

Larger size and greater complexity evolved in chloroplasts by.......

The supergroup ............. includes animals, fungi, and some protists.

Unikonta includes two clades which are ,,,,,,

Slime molds are in the clade.........

Many species of .............. are brightly pigmented usually yellow or orange

What molds from multicellular aggregates in which cells are separated by their membranes?

What are common unicellular amoebozoans in soil as well as freshwater and marine environments?

Most ............ are heterotrophic and actively seek and consume bacteria and other protists.

What are parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates ?

What include animals, fungi, and several groups of protists?

What are found in diverse aquatic environments and often play the role of symbiont or producer?

Many protists are important ......... that obtain energy from the sun

In aquatic environments, .................... are the main producers