Pathophysiology Notecards Flashcards

The study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result of injury, disorder, or disease.

The study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease.

The mechanisms of human body functioning.

How the human body is put together, including the component parts operate together.

Concerned with how these component parts operate together.

The functional impairment of cells, tissues, organs, or organ systems.

A specific condition with a recognizable, predictable pattern.

The disease beginning.

Vulnerabilities

Precise cause of disease.

Disease-causing microorganism

Having more than one genetic and/or environmental causing events

When a disease has no known etiology

The result of exposure to infection in the health care environment

Diseases that are the inadvertent result of medical treatment.

The presenting signs and symptoms of the disease

Indicators that are reported by the ill individual and are considered the "subjective" manifestations.

Triggers

The manifestations that are found directly at the site of disease and are confined to that specific area

Manifestations that present throughout the body and are not confined to one area

Manifestations or diseases that begin abruptly and last a few days to a few months.

Diseases that generally last longer than 6 months and are insidious in onset

Gradual

Symptom-free periods

Flaring of symptoms

A term used to describe diseases that fall somewhere between acute and chronic in duration and severity.

The person does not have any noticeable symptoms even though diagnostic tests may indicate that the disease is present

Label for the disease

The human response to illness, such as altered fluid balance and ineffective airway clearance

The forecast or prediction of how the individual will proceed through the disease process.

A negative outcome with disease complications that impact the quality of life

Death

The perceived wholeness of body, mind, and spirit

A state that results in suffering or distress

A dynamic balance in the body marked by the appropriate and effective response to stimuli, thereby keeping the body in a steady state.

The study of disease in populations

The rate of occurrence of a disease at any given time

When the incidence and prevalence of a disease are predictable and stable

A dramatic increase in disease incidence in a population

When an epidemic spreads across continents

Prohibits a disease condition from occurring

The early detection and treatment of disease through screening

Rehabilitation of a patient after detection of disease.

A general idea that can be applied to similar situations

The third line of defense

Defined in the broadest sense to include any form of damage or alteration to cells or tissues

To increase blood flow to the site of an injury

To alert the products of healing to attend to the site of injury

Widen

Loosens

Form a tight junction within the inner lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart

The outer membrane of the vessels, which separates the vessel from the tissues of the body

The process of engulfing and removing harmful agents

Watery fluid

Facilitate the process of widening and loosening of the blood.

Leukocytes that are housed throughout the connective tissues of the body and near all blood vessels

When the mast cell breaks apart and releases inflammatory mediators in the form of extracellular granules (grain-like particles)

A white blood cell that also contains granules

More than a hundred distinct cell proteins most often found within white blood cells that have a vital role in regulating inflammation

A complex lipid stored in cell membranes, including those of endothelial cells that line blood vessels and in many other types of cells that can become injured

A substance, derived from the plasma membrane of an injured cell, which generates various inflammatory mediators through a complex chemical conversion

A self-attack against body tissues

A process of moving certain cells to the site of injury

Specific inflammatory mediators

Attraction and binding

In this process, cells can move between and through endothelial junctions

The local manifestations of acute inflammation

Redness

Enlargement and inflammation of the nearby lymph nodes

An elevation in white blood cells

A protective clot and subsequent scab

The layers of architectural structures that support the cells

The movement of epithelial cells to form a covering over the wound

Tissues made up of cells with a specific function

Important cells that produce and replace the connective tissue layer

Helps to fill in the gaps left after the removal of damaged tissues

Allows stretching and recoil of tissue

Regulate cell movement across the matrix, provide a place for the attachment of the cells to the matrix, and prompt the cells to function

A temporary matrix that promotes healing by decreasing blood and fluid loss at the site and attracting and supporting fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epidermal cells.

Connective tissue characterized by extensive macrophages and fibroblasts

The generation of new blood vessels

Healing in response to mild injury with minimal disruption to cells

Can occur only in those cells that undergo mitotic division; accomplished through proliferation, differentiation, or diapedesis

Growth and reproduction

Cells mature and become more specialized

Migration of nearby cells

Cells that constantly regenerate through mitosis, particularly epithelial cells of the skin, GI tract, and urinary tract, and blood cells in the bone marrow

Cells that stop regenerating when growth is complete but can resume regeneration if injured

Occurs in extensive wounds and when regeneration is not possible

Cells that do not undergo mitosis and are unable to regenerate

When the wound is basically closed with all areas of the wound connecting and healing simultaneously.

When wounds heal from the bottom up; process is much slower and more involved than the primary intention process

Passage of oxygenated blood

Circumscribed, open, craterlike lesion of the skin or mucous membranes

A problem of deficient scar formation, in which the wound splits or bursts open, often at a suture line

Hypertrophic scars that result from excessive collagen production at the site of injury

Fibrous connections between serous cavities and nearby tissues, which do not allow the surrounding tissues to move freely

Enzymes that destroy elastin and other tissue components

Nodular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances

Phagocytes that can engulf particles much larger than the typical macrophage

Gather and contain smaller substances by forming a wall, or fibrotic granuloma, around the affected area

First-degree burns

Second-degree burns

Third-degree burns

Areas of thick, shortened, and rigid tissue

A state of inadequate perfusion to peripheral tissues

A bacterial infection of the blood, and septic shock

A thick, coagulated crust

A clear fluid that seeps out of the tissue

A process of mechanically removing debris, including necrotic tissue, from the wound

A generic term for degeneration or inflammation of the joints and refers to a group of diseases of varying pathogenesis

Granulation tissue that forms over the inflamed synovium and cartilage as a result of accelerated angiogenesis

A condition where fibrosis impairs joint mobility and can result in a debilitating fixation of the joint

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach, or gastric mucosa, thereby impairing gastric function.

A vague epigastric discomfort associated with nausea and heartburn

An abnormal track or passage that forms between two segments of bowel or other epithelial tissue

Hidden

A state where tissue readily bleeds

The process by which the body recognizes foreign substances and neutralizes them to prevent damage

The study of the structure and function of the immune system as well as the phenomena of immunity, induced sensitivity, and allergy

A substance that induces a state of sensitivity or an immune response

One of the two precursor cell types that include natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes

One of the two precursor cell types that produce other types of cells through the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor which include monocytes, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and mast cells

Cells that mature and fully differentiate in the thymus

A type of T lymphocyte that directs destruction of antigen carrying cells

A type of T lymphocyte that enhances humoral and cell-mediated responses of the immune system

A type of T lymphocyte that inhibits humoral and cell-mediated responses

A unique receptor that is able to bind to antigens, promoting a specific immune response

Lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells in the bone marrow; produce and secrete antibodies after contact with an antigen

Receptor bound to the cell membrane of the B cell; association with antigen activates plasma cells to produce and secrete antibodies

A group of structurally related proteins important in immune function; composed of a variable region promoting antigen specificity and a constant region; classifications include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE

Large, granular lymphocytes; non-specific cytotoxic cells

Phagocytic cells named for the cytoplasmic granules common to all types; polymorphonuclear leukocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Granulocyte present in the greatest number; most important in the rapid response to bacterial infection; phagocytic; the first responders in the inflammatory response

Granulocyte with greatest protection against parasites

Granulocyte that complements the actions of mast cells; important in establishing allergic reactions

Large, mononuclear leukocytes representing 3% to 7% of the total number of circulating leukocytes associated with a prolonged inflammatory response

Large, long-lived phagocytic leukocyte found within body tissues associated with a prolonged inflammatory response

Process and display of antigens to T lymphocytes; take up antigens when they are encountered in the circulation

Immature dendritic cells in the skin; carry surface receptors for immunoglobulin and complement, important in the immune response

Sites for maintenance of the lymphocytes; are the organs in which immune responses are often initiated; organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid mucosal tissue, such as tonsils and the appendix

Circulates lymphocytes in lymph fluid; work in concert with the blood vessels to promote an effective immune response

Filtration product of extracellular fluid from tissues

Joined segment of lymphatic vessels

Lymphocytes that have not yet encountered an antigen

Responsible for early, rapid response to pathogens without prior exposure

Cell-mediated and humoral immunity; specific immune response occurring during a lifetime

Cells that process and present antigen for recognition by immune cells

Particles that are not part of the individual

Adaptive immunity involving antibodies

Immunoglobulins that react with an antigen in a specific way; produced by activated plasma cells

Structure forming the base of the Y-shaped antibody; the most stable component

Structure of antibody that allows binding to specific antigens

Differentiated B cells capable of responding much more rapidly when re-exposed to the same antigen; dramatically shortening and intensifying the immunologic response

Process by which memory cells respond much more rapidly when reexposed to the same antigen; dramatically shortens and intensifies the immunologic response

The selection and activation of specific B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes by the binding of epitopes to B or T cell receptors with a corresponding fit

The proliferation of B and T lymphocytes activated by clonal selection to produce a clone of identical cells; enables the body to have sufficient numbers of antigen-specific lymphocytes to mount an effective immune response

Making ineffective any action, process, or potential

A process of rendering bacteria vulnerable to phagocytosis

A component of adaptive immunity; cytotoxic T cell-mediated destruction of pathogen and infected host cell

Determine specific functions and responses of T-cell subtypes

Subtype of cytotoxic T lymphocyte that expresses the molecule CD8 on its cell surface

Subtype of helper T lymphocyte that expresses the molecule CD4 on its cell surface

1 class of CD4 helper T lymphocytes; activate macrophages, secrete chemokines and cytokines to attract macrophages; promote fusion of lysosomes with vesicles containing bacteria; and stimulate phagocytosis

2 class of CD4 helper T lymphocytes; activate B cells to produce antibodies

The major histocompatibility complex proteins in humans; HLA genes encode antigen specificity; important in transplant rejection

Alteration of pathogen protein particles to evade recognition and stimulation of memory in the immune system

A period of dormancy

Condition resulting from an inadequate immune defense; may be primary (directly caused by an alteration in immunity) or secondary (a consequence of another disease process)

Protein promoting altered reactivity responses by the immune system

Describes individuals having a genetic predisposition to developing hypersensitivities

Extreme manifestation to foreign protein or other substance

Complex-mediated immune response in the skin resulting in an area of localized tissue necrosis

Reaction after allergen contact that is slow in onset and peaks after 36 to 48 hours; associated with a type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction

Initial phase of delayed hypersensitivity reaction; stimulated by entry of antigen via the skin and presentation of antigen by Langerhans cells, stimulating immune responses

Second phase of delayed hypersensitivity reaction; memory cells in the dermis are stimulated after presentation with antigen by Langerhans cells, prompting activation of memory T cells and stimulation of cell-mediated responses

Immune responses directed at an individual's own tissues

The process of converting lymphocytes from nonresponsive to self-reactive

Close resemblance between foreign antigen and self-antigen

Propagation of a condition among family members

Suppress autoreactive lymphocytes and regulate the immune response; also known as suppressor T cells

Describes something that occurs in more than one form

Containing several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes; interaction of several genes influenced by environmental factors

Grafts from different sites on the same person

Graft from genetically identical individuals

Graft between unrelated individuals

Proteins that vary between individuals

Antibodies produced against alloantigens

Rapid rejection of grafts

The most common form of tissue transplant; infusion of donor blood into recipient

The process by which the recipient's blood type is determined

A condition in which transplanted donor T lymphocytes mount an immune response against the host

A major glucocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that regulates metabolism, inflammatory/immune responses, and the stress response

Transfer of the genetic code from one type of ribonucleic acid to another; based on the nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA template

Blood levels of substances much higher than would normally be expected

Weakened; reduced ability to cause disease

Antigens that promote activation of more than one cell type

Enveloped retrovirus that infects CD4 T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages; virus associated with the secondary immunodeficiency, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs)

Development of antibodies to a particular antigen

Swelling or enlargement of the lymph nodes

Contraction of the smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs, decreasing airway size

Sensation of itching

Sudden subcutaneous edema

Dormancy; temporary resting

Rash over cheeks; characteristic manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Red, raised, round rash

Skin sensitivity to the sun resulting in rash

Circumscribed, open, craterlike lesion of the skin or mucous membranes

Inflammation of the lining of the lungs or pleural cavity

Inflammation of the lining of the heart

Protein in the urine

Compacted collection of protein, cells, and debris that are formed in kidney tubules

Abnormally low number of platelets

Destruction of blood cells

Insertion of a needle into the uterine cavity to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid

Microorganisms that live on or within the body in nonsterile areas without causing harm

A disease-causing organism, such as a virus

Ability of a pathogen to produce an infectious disease; involving multiple factors, including the pathogen's potency, invasiveness, ability to evade the immune system, speed of replication, production of toxins, adherence to the human host cell, and the degree of tissue damage that is elicited

The potency of a pathogen indicated by the ratio of the number of cases of disease in a population compared with the number of people exposed to the microorganism

The proportion of exposures needed to cause infection in an individual based on the pathogens' ability to enter, survive in, and multiply in the host

The ability of a pathogen to produce harmful toxins that increase host cell and tissue damage

The level to which a pathogen is viewed by the host immune system as foreign

A process of eluding the human host defenses; often a result of altering the antigens present within or on the surface of the microorganism

The ways in which many pathogens have developed ways to avoid destruction by the host, such as through thick protective capsules, which prevent phagocytosis

A phenomenon of hosting two or more pathogens simultaneously

When a new infection arises in addition to one that is already present

Parasites that require the host for metabolism and reproduction

Microorganisms that may live on the host but can also survive independently

Single-celled microorganisms that can reproduce outside of host cells

Microorganisms that require oxygen for growth

Bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth

The cytoplasm of bacteria that contains extensive ribosomes, proteins, and carbohydrates, but does not contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or other membraneous components

A complex of phospholipid-polysaccharide molecules that form the structural component of the gram-negative cell wall and causes inflammatory mediators to be released, leading to a massive inflammatory response

Pathogens that induce fever

Potent substances produced by many bacteria, which result in host cell dysfunction or lysis

Obligate intracellular parasites

Particles released by cells infected by viruses, which can enter and infect other nearby cells

A period of dormancy

Unicellular forms of fungi that reproduce by budding

A multicellular form of fungus

Elongated chains formed by yeast through budding

Tubular branches formed by mold colonies

A cluster of hyphae formed from mold colonies

Infections with fungi as the pathogen

Those that cause disease only in a host with a compromised immune system

The softening and breaking down of tissue

A vehicle that harbors a pathogen and carries it to a host

Diseases that are spread from person to person, often through contact with infected blood and body fluids

A device that uses steam heat at high pressures to sterilize objects

A standard of health care that recognizes all blood and body fluid as potentially infected

The individual who is exposed to and contracts an infection

A problem of microorganisms gaining access to the blood and circulating throughout the body

A state in which bacteria gain access to the blood

A condition of altered perfusion by shock as the result of overwhelming systemic infection, often with gram-negative bacteria leading to inadequate perfusion of vital organs

Exudate that contains pus

A process of changing genetic composition during replication in the human host cell leading to viral offspring with altered antigenic properties

A blood bypass through which deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, and pancreas travel to the liver by way of the portal vein before moving on to the vena cava and heart

Phagocytes housed in the liver

The yellow-tinged color of the skin and sclera of the eyes in those with liver disease

The formation of new red blood cells

An end-stage liver disease marked by interference of blood flow to the liver and widespread hepatocyte damage

The upward movement of an infection

Pain with urination

The need to urinate immediately

Blood in the urine

Purulent exudate (pus) in the urine

Infection and subsequent inflammation of the kidneys

A condition in which the eyes are extremely sensitive to light

A hyperextended stiff neck related to meningeal irritation

A test used to elicit meningeal pain; the patient is placed supine with knees bent and hips flexed, one knee is lifted upward, thereby eliciting pain

A test of meningeal irritation where the patient is supine and the neck is quickly flexed; this activity elicits pain along with involuntary flexion of the hips and knees

Passage of characteristics from parent to offspring

Type of nucleic acid containing a sugar (deoxyribose); usually found in the cell nucleus and mitochondria; responsible for the storage of genetic information; made up of four nitrogenous bases, including adenine (A) and guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

Parent compound of the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) and guanine (G)

Parent compound of the nitrogenous bases cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

Nitrogen base combinations; DNA base pairs including cytosine and guanine, and adenine and thymine

Hereditary units containing information for the production of proteins

Sequence of three forms of nitrogen bases forms; nucleotide triplet; fundamental triplet code necessary for protein synthesis; basic compounds produced are amino acids

Nucleic acid that contains a sugar (ribose); responsible for the control of protein synthesis; made up of the four nitrogenous bases, including adenine (A) and guanine (G), cytosine (C) and uracil (U)

Template for protein synthesis; depends on a codon sequence based on that of the complementary strand of DNA (cDNA); cytoplasmic area where protein is made in amino acid sequences

Different ways of assembling exons to produce a variety of mature mRNAs

Segment of DNA coded for protein production

Segment of DNA not involved in protein expression

Involved in the production of proteins with specific amino acid arrangements through interaction with mRNA

Form of RNA of ribosomes; associated with mRNA in the translation of the genetic code

Process involved in the production of protein from amino acids

Double-stranded DNA containing threadlike sections of genes that form an individual's genetic code; most commonly found in the cell nucleus; responsible for reproduction of physical and chemical structures; human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes: 22 paired autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Process of reproduction of nuclear chromosomes in somatic cells; reproductive phases include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; results in the creation of daughter cells with the same chromosome number and genetic makeup as the cell of origin

Process of sex cell (gamete) division; cell division resulting in gametocytes containing half (haploid) the number of chromosomes found in a somatic cell

Structure linking the chromosome pairs of the somatic cells of the body; divides the chromosome into two arms; constant position for each chromosome

The number of chromosomes a human body cell contains; 23 pairs of chromosomes, or a total of 46

Chromosomes other than a sex chromosome; totals 44 chromosomes in each body cell

Known as X and Y; the genetic determinants of the sex of an individual

Ova and sperm; contains only one of the chromosome pairs, known as the haploid number

Cells containing single chromosomes, rather than pairs; chromosome number totals 23 (22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome); characteristic of gametes

Transfer of the genetic code from one type of ribonucleic acid to another; based on the nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA template

Study of the human genome; includes the functions and interactions of all genes compromising an individual

Genetic makeup of an individual

Genetic traits that are apparent or observable

A series of two or more different genes occupying the same location on a specific chromosome

Containing several major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes; interaction of several genes influenced by environmental factors

Change in genes or sequence of base pairs that make up the chromosomes; genetic alteration perpetuated in subsequent cellular divisions

A mutation occurring in body cells, rather than gametes; not transmittable to subsequent generations

Occurring in more than one form

The evidence of the gene in the phenotype

Ability of a gene to express a mutation; influences the effects of mutations

Characteristics passed on by the transmission of a single gene

Identical alleles on each chromosome

Different alleles on each chromosome

Predictable trait transmission based on autosomal dominant or recessive genotypes

An allele possessed by one of the parents of a hybrid that is expressed in the latter to the exclusion of a contrasting allele (the recessive) from the other parent

Trait caused by a particular allele that does not manifest itself in the presence of other alleles that generate traits dominant to it

Characteristics passed on by sex chromosomes; most often recessive traits; often linked to the X chromosome

Heterozygous for a recessive genetic mutation; able to transmit the genetic mutation to subsequent generations in the absence of a disease phenotype

Transmitted through female or maternal lines

Random distribution of genes leading to a variable distribution in tissues

Picture of arranged, paired, like chromosomes in order from largest to smallest

Failure of chromosome separation during meiosis or mitosis; results in an unequal number of chromosomes

Combination of cell lines with regular and altered numbers of chromosomes

One copy of a chromosome, in place of the normal pair; the result of nondisjuncture

Presence of three copies of a chromosome in place of the normal pair; the result of nondisjuncture

Exchange of a section of chromosome from one to another; often occurs during meiosis; able to be transferred to subsequent generations

Regulation of the expression of gene activity without alteration of genetic structure

An epigenetic phenomenon; mechanism that controls of all genes compromising an individual

Embryologic period of organ development

Substances causing damage to a developing embryo or fetus

Condition resulting from exposure of a fetus to alcohol; characterized by mental handicap, growth deficit, and physical disability

Damage to a developing fetus

Identification of genetic abnormalities before implantation of the blastocyst in the maternal uterine lining, the decidua

Early embryo

Abnormal chromosome number

Difficulty in performing voluntary movements

Single gene disorder resulting from a mutation of the sickle beta globin gene; characterized by sickled hemoglobin (HbS); autosomal recessive

Adult form of hemoglobin

Sickled form of hemoglobin

Breakdown of red blood cells

Yellow, lipid-soluble byproduct of hemoglobin; elevated levels result in jaundice

Heterozygous for a mutation of the sickle beta globin gene; carrier of the autosomal recessive trait

Enzyme important in catalyzing oxidation-reduction mitochondrial reactions in cellular respiration

Cystic structure containing serous fluid

Fully differentiated body part with specialized functions

Groups of similar cell types that combine to form a specific function; the four major tissue types in the body include epithelium (skin), connective tissue (including blood, bone, and cartilage), muscle and nerve

Smallest component of the living individual

An organized structure composed of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins arranged in a bilayer; protects the cell by creating a barrier against the potentially hostile environment surrounding it

Two interconnected layers of the plasma membrane; the lipid (fat-soluble) layer contains phospholipid and glycolipid

An organized structure of two interconnected layers composed of nonpolar hydrophobic lipids tails connected to polar hydrophilic heads

Phosphate bound to lipid heads of the plasma membrane

Carrying a distribution of electrons that repels water; possessing affinity to water

Compound lacking positive or negative charge; lacking affinity to water

Sugar bound to lipid heads of the plasma membrane

Protein extending through the plasma membrane, contacting both the intracellular and extracellular components

Form of transmembrane protein; forms a channel in the plasma membrane for transport of ions

Colloid substance surrounding the cell nucleus composed of water, proteins, fats, electrolytes, glycogen, and pigments

Structures within a cell that perform a distinct function

Cellular organelle composed of a complex network of tubules; important in the production of proteins and fats and ion regulation; subtypes include rough and smooth

Cellular organelle with a membranous structure; prepares substances by the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion out of the cell

Cellular organelle composed of small sacs surround by membrane; responsible for hydrolytic digestion of cellular debris

Cellular organelle made up of small membrane-enclosed sacs; promote cell survival by oxidation of oxygen free radicals

An oxygen atom carrying an unpaired electron and no charge

Large cellular organelle that recognizes abnormally folded or formed proteins; involved in proteolysis

The process of cutting or splicing proteins into their smaller peptide units

Cellular organelle containing enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation; principal producer of the cellular energy source adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Principal source of cellular energy; product of a chemical reaction between oxygen and nutrient products such as glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and enzymes

Rounded mass of protoplasm within the cytoplasm of a cell; surrounded by a nuclear envelope enclosing structures responsible for mitosis during cell division

Tubule and filament structures, contributing to cell shape, movement, and intracellular transport; composed of microtubules and thin, intermediate, and thick microfilaments

Movement of particles from an area of high to lower concentration

Membrane passage between the extracellular and intracellular environment

Movement of water across a concentration gradient; water movement to an area of higher concentration of particles (less water content) from an area of lower concentration of particles (more water content); regulated by the concentration of particles that do not diffuse across the semipermeable membrane

Force generated as water moves through the membrane by osmosis

Assisted movement of substances across the cell membrane; not energy dependent

Difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell

Energy-dependent transport of particles across the cell membrane against a gradient

Active transport process requiring the direct use of energy in the form of ATP

Active transport mechanism involving movement of a second substance; dependent on energy derived from the active transport of the primary substance

Substances transported together in the same direction

Substances transported in the opposite direction

Particle entry into the cytoplasm through incorporation into a vesicle via a portion of the cell membrane

Transport mechanism involving vesicular enclosure of particles from the extracellular environment into the cytoplasm for use by the cell

ATP -requiring process of ingesting very small vesicles

Ingesting large particles such as cells, bacteria, and damaged cellular components

The process of the release of metabolic products from cells

The process of movement of granules or particles out of the cell; fusion of the membrane surrounding the granule with the cell membrane, followed by rupture and release of contents

The process of oxygen use as a source of energy for production of ATP and release of metabolic products from cells

Regulatory mechanism; response of input to a system by generation of output in a given system

A cytoplasmic or cell surface protein molecule structured to bind specific factors

Molecules that bind to specific receptors; involved in signal transduction

Mechanism of cellular communication; initiated by binding of ligand to receptor and resulting in an action through subsequent communication events

Tightness or strength of ligand/receptor interaction

Substances involved in cellular responses in the immediate area

Chemical substances, formed in a tissue or organ and carried in the blood, that stimulated or inhibit the growth or function of other tissues or organs

The rapid generation of new daughter cells divided from progenitor (parent) cells

A process of changing the physical and functional properties of a cell to allow greater specificity and functionality to that cell

Alteration in function that allows cells, tissues, and organs to adjust to new conditions; survival due to the capacity to adjust to an adverse environment

Cessation of life; cessation of the integration of cellular, tissue, and organ functions

Decrease in the size of the cell

Local response to decrease in blood supply

Decrease in the size of tissues and organs

Condition that results from disuse because of impaired neural innervation to muscle tissue

Increase in cell size

Related to growth

Enlargement of lymphoepithelial adenoid tissue in the back of the nasal area

Increase in the number of cells

Permanent cessation of menses for a 12 month period

Changing of one cell type to another

Actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and structure

Change in genes or sequence of base pairs that make up the chromosomes; genetic alteration perpetuated in subsequent cellular divisions

Condition in which cellular alterations lead to chronic, irreversible tissue changes in the respiratory tree of the lungs

Potential source of cellular damage by exposure to reactive oxygen species

Programmed cell death that is prompted by a genetic signal and designed to replace old cells with new; also known as "cellular suicide"

Fusion or incomplete separation of digit soft tissue

Disorderly process of cell death associated with inflammation

Cellular damage from mechanical, thermal, or chemical sources

Damage caused by impact of a body part

Damage caused by extremes of temperature

From within the body system

From the external environment

Damage caused by deprivation of oxygenation, hydration, and nutrition

Toxic oxygen molecules or radicals that are formed by the reaction between oxygen and water during mitochondrial respiration

Damage to cells resulting from reactive oxygen species

Decrease in neuronal cell size and number leading to impaired neuronal communication and reduced brain tissue mass

A disease of cardiac muscle that results from excessive workload and functional demand

The expected distensibility, or expandability, of the lung tissue and chest wall

Loss of consciousness; fainting

Condition of hyperplasia prompted by hormone stimulation of excessive growth after closure of the epiphyseal growth plates of the long bones

Long bone ossification site

Hormone secreted by the liver; promotes growth in bones, cartilage, soft tissues, and organs

Benign tumor of glandular epithelial origin

Condition of hyperplasia characterized by excessive growth; growth hormone excess before the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates of the long bones

Epithelium consisting of a single flattened layer of cells

Single layer of epithelial cells taller than they are wide

Area between the external and internal cervical os; lined with columnar epithelium

Area of the merger of squamous and columnar epithelium; also known as the transformation zone of the cervix

Area of the merger of the squamous and columnar epithelium; also known as the squamocolumnar junction of the cervix

Outside of the cervix lined with squamous epithelium

Nuclear genetic material made of DNA; condenses into chromosomes during mitosis

Invasive and destructive cellular growth, as in cancer

DNA virus; specific viral strains cause cutaneous and genital warts and severe cervical intraepithelial lesions

Cancer causing

Active exposure to smoke

Passive or secondhand smoke

The rapid generation of new daughter cells divided from progenitor (parent) cells

A process of changing the physical and functional properties of a cell to allow greater specificity and functionality to that cell

Highly undifferentiated units that have the potential to divide into daughter stem cells, which can then mature into more differentiated units with a specific function

A term used to describe the origin, promotion, or development of cancerous neoplasms

A term used to describe highly invasive and destructive neoplasms

The process of starting with a single mutated cell and developing into cancer

Genes that repair mutated DNA and protect the genome

Genes that code for proteins involved in cell growth or regulation

Genes that prohibit overproliferation of cells and regulate apoptosis

"Normal" genes in the body with a vital role in regulating cell function; precursors to the development of oncogenes

A known cancer-causing agent

A situation that causes a mutation in a cell

An expansion of a mutated cell's growth and reproduction; the continued growth of the cell depends on continued exposure to the promotor

An extension of the promotion phase with one exception: now the cancerous growth no longer depends on continued exposure to the promotor

The unregulated cell growth of neoplasms

A neoplasm's loss of differentiation

Refers to hormone secretion from a site outside of an endocrine gland

Describes a tumor that remains localized and closely resembles the tissue of origin

Describes tumors that are invasive, destructive, spread to other sites, and do not resemble the tissue of origin

The proliferation of the neoplasm within the tissue of origin

A process of tumor cells moving into adjacent tissues and organs

A form of direct extension where neoplastic proliferation occurs within peritoneal and pleural cavities surrounding the affected tissue or organ

Process that occurs when neoplasms are spread to distant sites often by way of the lymphatics or blood vessels

A benign tumor of the squamous epithelium

An epithelioma that presents as fingerlike projections

Benign tumor of glandular epithelial origin

Benign tumors that arise from germ cells

Tumor that arises from bone cells

Benign tumor that stems from chondrocytes

A malignant tumor of epithelial cells

A malignant tumor of chondrocytes

A unique term used to describe carcinomas that are confined to the epithelium and have not yet penetrated the basement membrane

A process of classifying the extent or spread of the disease from the site of origin

A process of differentiating the level of anaplasia depicted by the tumor

A syndrome of unexplained weight loss and tissue wasting related to the stimulation of inflammatory mediators, along with excess energy use, by the proliferating neoplastic cells

Substances that may be detected in cells or body fluids and can provide clues to the presence, extent, and treatment response of certain neoplasms

Used to describe treating symptoms, such as pain, without curing the cancer

Mucosal epithelial depressions of the colon

Hidden blood in the stool that is not visible

Visible blood in the stool

A procedure using an endoscope to perform direct visualization of the colon

Any immature cell

Episodes of nose bleeds

Found in approximately 95% of those with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and represents a chromosome 9 and 22 translocation, which activates oncogenes

A malignant disorder of the lymphoid tissue often characterized by the painless, progressive enlargement of cervical (neck) lymph nodes

Originates in the cell components of lymph nodes following a B lymphocyte lineage; is the neoplastic cell that is diagnostic for Hodgkin lymphoma

A generic classification made up of a broad range of B-cell and T-cell malignancies within the immune system