Lab Practical 3
Nasal cavity
air enters through the nostrils, as it travels through cavity it is warmed, moistened, and filtered by mucosa. Surrounded by sinuses that act as resonance chambers for speech and warm/moisten air
nasal conchae
inferior, superior, middle
posteriorly located in nasal cavity; paired; lobe-like; increase air turbulence
hard palate
anteriorly separates nasal cavity and oral cavity; forms rigid surface against which tongue forces food during chewing
solt palate
posteriorly separate nasal and oral cavities; mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle that rises reflexively to close off nasopharynx when we shallow
pharynx
throat; funnel-shaped, connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx and esophagus inferiorly; 3 parts
nasopharynx
posterior to nasal cavity, is continuous w/it via the posterior nasal aperture, lies above soft palate making it only an air passageway
uvula
tissue tag hanging from soft palate; rises as food is swallowed to prevent it from entering airways
appendix
part of the cecum; contains masses of lymphoid tissue and as part of MALT play important role in immunity; b/c of its structure bacteria can accumulate there, cause inflammation = appendicitis
cecum
saclike; lies below ileocecal valve in right iliac fossa, first part of large intestine
ileocecal valve
a sphincter separating the small intestine from the entrance to the large intestine; relaxes to allow food residues into the cecum
small intestine
extends from pyloric sphincter in the epigastric region to ileocecal valve; longest part of alimentary canal, much thinner than large intestine; has three subdivisions
pyloric sphincter
the pyloric region of the stomach is continuous with the duodenum through this valve, which controls stomach emptying
duodenum
first region of the small intestine; shortest - 25 cm; most features of interest - bile duct, main pancreatic duct unit at wall
bile duct
delivers bile from the liver to the duodenum
pancreatic duct
carries pancreatic juices from the pancreas to the duodenum
hepatopancreatic sphincter
smooth muscle valve that controls entry of bile and pancreatic juice to the duodenum
jejunum
about 2.5m; extends from duodenum to ileum; hangs in sausagelike coils in central and lower part of abdominal cavity, suspended from posterior abdominal wall by fan-shaped mesentery; encircled and framed by large intestine
ileum
about 3.6m; joins large intestine at ileocecal valve; hangs in sausagelike coils in central and lower part of abdominal cavity, suspended from posterior abdominal wall by fan-shaped mesentery; encircled and framed by large intestine
rugae
elevations or ridges in stomach mucosa, seen when stomach is empty
fundus
dome-shaped part of stomach, tucked beneath the diaphragm; bulges superolaterally to the cardia
body
midportion of the stomach, continuous inferiorly w/the funnel shaped pyloric region
greater curvature
convex lateral surface of the stomach
lesser curvature
concave medial surface of stomach
gallbladder
thin-walled green muscular sac about size of kiwi fruit; snuggles in shallow fossa on ventral surface of liver; stores bile that is not immediately needed for digestion and concentrates it by absorbing some of its water and ions
cystic duct
connecting duct from gall bladder to common bile duct; when gall bladder contracts bile is expelled into duct and then flows to bile duct
partotid salivary gland
lies anterior to the ear between masseter muscle and skin
submandibular salivary gland
about size of walnut; lies along medial aspect of the mandibular body
sublingual salivary gland
small; lies anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue and opens into floor of mouth
larynx
consists of 9 cartilages all composed of hyaline except epiglottis (elastic); when you swallow larynx rises
cricoid cartilage
part of larynx; inferiorly located, ring-shaped
epiglottis
composed of flexible elastic cartilage; located superior to opening of larynx, forms lid over larynx when we shallow keeping food or drink out
vocal folds
lower pair of folds of larynx mucus membrane; vibrate with expelled air for speech
glottis
slit-like passageway between vocal folds
thyroid cartilage
large shield shaped cartilage of larynx, anterior medial prominence is adam's apple