What process do photoautotrophic plants use to make energy molecuses like ATP and NADPH?
photophosphorylation
In what process do photoautotrophic plants make glucose?
Calvin Cycle
What process is used to break down sugars to release ATP (in presence of oxygen)?
aerobic cellular respiration
Where do plants get their carbon that they use in new cells to grow larger?
From CO2 in the air
Where in a cell does water splitting and photophosphorylation occur?
the chloroplast
Where in a cell does the Calvin Cycle occur?
the chloroplast
Where in a cell does aerobic cellular respiration occur?
the mitochondrion
In what part of the plant does the vast amount of both the water splitting reactions (photophosphorylation) and carbon fixation (both together are photosynthesis)occur?
the leaves (blades)
What are two common dissacharides transported in plants?
sucrose and maltose
What is the form of water movement in a plant that involves evaporation at the stoma and new water moving up through the xylem?
transpiration
(This is the underlying force of water movement in a plant foremost above all others)
What physical property of water allows it to move and "follow" evaporating water in the plant?
cohesion
When is transpiration the greatest?
When conditions are hot, dry, and windy.
What is one way a plant can limit transpiration?
reducing the diameter of the stoma by SHRINKING the guard cells.
What accounts for most of the lateral movement of water in plants?
osmosis
What is the condition in which water in all vascular tissue is being raised and held in check against gravity due to charged molecules in the tissue?
adhesion
Movement of material outside the cytoplasm of a cell
apoplastic
Movement of material inside the cytoplasm of a cell
symplastic
A section in the cell walls of endodermal cells that is lipid based and is hydrophobic. Water can't pass over this strip and must gain entry to the xylem via a symplastic route
Casparian Strip
The flow of water into a plan via osmosis when transpiration isn't occuring
Guttation
cells that take sugar OUT of the sieve cells are called
transfer cells (sink cells)
cells that put sugar into the sieve cells are called
companion cells (source cells)
What processes are responsible for the transport of water within the bodies of plants?
osmosis, transpiration and adhesion
Photophosphorylation, ATP, NADPH, and the Calvin Cycle are all part of a biochemical process called:
photosynthesis
the name for the kind of bond that results from the attraction between water molecules is:
hydrogen bond
In plants, water & ions are transported without sugars in special cells called:
tracheids & vessel elements
he two routes (not processes) through the plant roots that water uses to enter the xylem from the environment are:
symplastic and the apoplastic
Cellular respiration in plants:
occurs in the mitochondrion
Transpiration is greatest in plants under which of the following conditions?
hot and dry
waxy layer on the leaves that prevent h20 loss and very frequently reduce fungal attack
cuticle
protein material found in spore and pollen walls that provide desication (drying out) resistance.
sporopollenin
living, non-preproductive cells thta surround gametes and keep them from drying out
gametangia
(male: antheridia)
(female: archegonia)
Name the four synapomorphies between land based plants and charophhytes
1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
2. specific enzymes in peroxizomes that help minimize loss of organic products in photorespiration
3. structure of flagellated sperm
4. formation of phragmoplast (microtubules between daughter cells)
The changing from haploid to diploid structures we see in ALL plants is referred to as
alternation of generations (in plants both stages are multicellular)
Term for the structure that provides additional protection and nutrition for developing embryo and help with increased dispersal.
seeds
structures that bear the ovules and/or pollen of a plant. can encourage pollinators with rewards
flowers
What are the 3 characteristics unique to Animals?
1. have unique embryological patterns
2. most have nervous and muscular tissue
3. extracellular matrix of collagen, proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins, and integrin
Term for animals that means they all started with one common ancestral population
monophyletic
What is the group of organisms that most resemble the earliest animal ancestors?
choanoflagellates
Choanoflagellates resemble what type of cell in some animals?
collar cells of sponges etc.
Is a group of cells that take on many different functions a true tissue or a 'not' true tissue
not true tissue
name the group with non-true tissue
parazoa
(includes porifera)
name the group with true tissue
eumetazoa
(includes all animals except porifera)
What 3 taxa have radial symmetry?
Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, anemones)
Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Term for symmetry of an organism along one plane only
bilateral symmetry
what protistan clad is the closets living relatives to the animals and likely shared a common ancestor
choanoflagellates
Which of the following is a coating on leaves that keeps water in and disease out?
A. cuticle
B. gametangia
C. sporopollenin
D. stomata
E. antheridium
cuticle
Sperm cells are formed inside of plant structures called:
antheridia
Which Phylum contains clams, oysters, snails, squid, and octopi?
Mollusca
Which Phylum includes all the vertebrate animals, e. g. the fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals?
Chordata
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the animal kingdom?
A. most have nerve and muscle tissue
B. they have extra cellular matrix that contains collagen
C. they have tight cellular junctions
D. the haploid stage dominates the life cycle
E. the diploid stage dominates the life cycle
D. the haploid stage dominates the life cycle
What is the common group name for taxa that have true tissues?
A. parazoa
B. bilateria
C. eumetazoa
D. Mollusca
E. Porifera
C. eumetazoa
A jellyfish has what type of body symmetry and to what commonly named group (i.e. not a phylum name) does it belong?
radial; the radiata
Of the following taxa, which one is the largest (i.e. contains the most species)?
Arthropoda
Which one of the following is not a synapomorphy between the Charophytes and land plants?
A. a phragmoplast
B. cuticle matrix material
C. peroxisomal enzyme characteristics
D. rosette cellulose synthesizing complexes
E. the morphology of their sperm flagella
B. cuticle matrix material
The large triangular shaped fin of a shark that cuts through the water when the shark is on on the surface would most likely be called?
dorsal fin
What taxa are the sponges a part of?
Porifera
What taxa are the jellyfish, corals, and anemones part of?
Cnidaria
What taxa are the comb jellyfish part of?
Ctenophora
What taxa are the flat worms such as tapeworms a part of?
Platyhelminthes
What taxa contains the rotifers?
Rotifera
What taxa contains the roundworms (nonsegmented)?
Nematoda
What taxa contains the segmented worms such as earthworms, marine worms, leeches?
Annelida
What taxa includes the snails, clams, oysters, squid, and octopi?
Mollusca
Which taxa includes the insects, crustaceans, and arachnids?
Arthopoda
Which taxa includes the starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers?
Echinodermata
What taxa includes the tunicates, hagfish, and vertebrates?
Chordata
What is the largest taxa of animals?
Arthopoda
Ball shaped tiny structure that early animals are hypothesized to start out as
blastula
Term for space inside the blastula
blastocoel
Outside layer of blastula
ectoderm
Blastula turns into an object with a cavity. The object is now called a
gastrula
Process that generates a gastrula in a blastula is called
gastrulation
Pocket inside the blastula/gastrula is called the
archenteron
(will become the gut tube)
The opening to the archenteron is called the
blastopore
Term for the lining inside the archenteron of the blastula/gastrula
endoderm
Term for organisms that have two embryonic tissue (germ) layers
diploblastic
Name the two taxa of dipoblastic animals
Cnidarians and Ctenophores
Term for organisms that have three embryonic germ layers
tripoblastic
What are the 3 layers in a tripoblastic animal
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
What does the ectoderm become?
epidermis and nervous system
What does the endoderm become?
digestive system lining, liver, lungs
What does the mesoderm become?
muscle, connective tissue, and other organs
Tripoblastic animals with no internal body cavity lined by mesoderm are called
acoelomate
(Platyhelminthes are classified as these)
Tripoblastic animals with have a body cavity that is lined by mesoderm on one side are called
psuedocoelomates
The body cavity in a psuedocoelom that is lined with meoderm on only one side is called a
hemocoel (blood cavity where most of the organs are found)
What taxa are psuedocoelomates?
Nematoda and Rotifera
Tripoblastic animals that have body cavities completely lined by mesoderm are called
coelomates
The blastopore becomes the mouth in what type of animal?
protostomes (means first mouth)
The blastopore becomes the anus in what type of animal?
deuterostomes (means other mouth)
Type of development of coleom in protostomes is called
schizocoelous development
Protostomes use what type of cell cleavage?
spiral
In deuterstomes, the mesoderm forms from sections of the archenteron wall. This type of coelum development is called
enterocoelous
Deuterostomes use what type of cell cleavage?
radial
What taxa are protostomes?
mollusca, annelida, arthoropoda
What taxa are deuterstomes?
Echinodermata, Chordata
The system that is comprised of a network of vessels for the circulation of fluids throughout the animal body
circulatory system
In what type of circlulatory system does a blood-like fluid completely surround and bath all organs?
open circulatory system
What is the name for the fluid in an open circulatory system that is a mix of blood and interstitial fluid?
hemolymph
Eumetazoans that have an open circulatory system are
molluscs
arthropods
Does hemolymph play a role in respiraton of insects?
no
(but it does for arachnids)
Type of circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels
closed circulatory system
Eumetazoan groups with closed circulatory systems
annelids, cephalopod (octopi & squid) molluscs, vertebrates
Arteries carry blood where?
Veins carry blood where?
Arteries: away from the heart
Veins: toward the heart
Name for the smallest blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules
capillaries
Which blood vessels carry a large amount of blood under HIGH pressure
arteries
What are ateries mostly made up of?
mostly connective tissue
some smooth muscle
higher the pressure, the less smooth muscle
Veins are made up of more or less smooth muscle than arteries?
less
What are the major functions of blood?
1. transport of nutrients
2. transport of wastes
3. transport of gases
4. transport of cells (ie WBC's)
5. dissipation of heat
6. transmission of force
Which blood carrier uses iron?
Which taxa use this blood carrier?
Hemoglobin
annelids,
echinoderms
vertebrates
Which blood carrier uses copper?
Which taxa use this blood carrier?
Hemocyanin
molluscs
arthropods other than insects
Blood is composed of what two parts?
Plasma, formed elements
What do the formed elements of blood contain?
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (for clotting)
Is the speed of blood in the capillaries higher or lower than the speed in the larger vessels?
Slower (due to the vastly greater number of capillaries)
The force of the blood against the capillary wall is called
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is greatest when...
Hydrostatic pressure is lowest when...
greatest when blood first entering the capillary
lowest when blood leaves the capillary
the force required to prevent water from moving across a barier
osmotic pressure
where is osmotic pressure the highest
at the veinule end of the capillary.
(because hydrostatic force is low enough here to allow water and solutes to move in)
What causes the osmotic pressure into the capillary?
the blood in the capillary has a high concentration of albumin

What cavity is labeled #1?
blastocoel

What cavity is labeled #2
archentron
What is the tissue labeled #3?
ectoderm
What will the tissue (layer) labeled #3 become in an adult deuterostome?
nervous tissue
What will the tissue lining, of the cavity labeled #2, become in an adult protostome?
gut tube lining
Which one of the following characterizes protostomes?
A. they are acoelomates
B. they are pseudocoelomates
C. they show no gastrulation
Correct
D. they are schizocoelous & develop from spiral cleavage
E. they are enterocoelous & develop from radial cleavage
they are schizocoelous & develop from spiral cleavage
Which one of the following follows schizocoelous development?
A. insects
B. echinoderms
C. vertebrates
D. nematodes
E. sponges
insects
In which end of a capillary is hydrostatic pressure lower than osmotic pressure?
venule end
Which one of the following is the O2 carrier in many arthropods?
a. platelets
B. albumin
C. hemocyanin
D. hemoglobin
E. globin
hemocyanin
Rotifers and Nematodes are considered:
A. acoelomates
B. pseudocoelomates
C. parazoans
D. protostomes
E. deuterostomes
B. pseudocoelomates
5 taxa of animals that use body surface respiration:
sponges
cnidarians
platyhelminthes
annelida (oligochaetes)
amphibians
what are the three major types of respiratory organs
tracheal systems, gills, lungs
in what animal group are tracheal systems typically found?
insects
openings on the body surface that connect to the tracheal system
spiracles
smallest part of a tracheal system
tracheoles (have direct contact with all cells)
What is used to keep the tracheal tubes open in insects?
chitin (it is heavy and this is why insects can't grow very large)
name for a structure that is a cluster of hydrophobic setae surrounding the spiracles of a tracheal system. They keep water from inetering and maintain a permanent layer of air around the body of an aquatic insect
physical gills
Two things all gills have in common
they present a very large surface area to the external environment
they are vascularized
tufted or branching gills are called
external gills
plate like gills are called
internal gills
type of gill adapted for maximum efficiency
lamellar gills
bivalve molluscs have what type of gill
lamellar gills
term for a gill mechanism whereby water flows over the gills in the opposite direction of blood flow for maximum O2 absorption
countercurrent flow
Lungs are found in what invertebrates?
some crustaceans and some mollucs (order pulmonata)
Lungs of amphibians are typically inflated using positive pressure. Some frogs swallow air in a process called
buccal pumping
name a creature that is lungless and exchanges gasses through their always moist skin and the lining of their mouths
salamanders
Alligators have a system that involves a muscle connecting the liver to the pubic bone in order to inflate the lungs. It is called
hepatic piston
Mammalian lungs use what muscle for inflation
diaphragm
the respiratory surface is made up of what structure
alveoli
what are the 3 interactions that assist in gas exchange
partial pressure differences
relative solubility of gases in plasma
hemoglobin's affinity for o2 and co2
The majority of co2 is transported as
bicarbonate ion hco3-
Animals in aquatic environments specialize in removing excess nitrogen in wastes as
ammonia
(this is tied to the need to eliminate a lot of water from body)
Animals in non aquatic environments that need to limit water excretion but can't handle high concentrations remove nitrogen as
urea
(mammals do this)
Animals that need to preserve the most water excrete urine as
uric acid
(usually paste like such as bird droppings)
term for the removal of metabolic waste
excretion
term for the removal of undigested waste
elimination
simplest structure for excretion
contractile vacuole
cell arrangements for excretion are referred to as
nephridia
excretion form used by platyhelminthes using a flame cell and tube cell that empty out through excretory pores
protonephridium
excretion form that is the simplest closed circuit
metanephridium
glands that are stand alone nephridia found at the base of the antennae in crayfish and other crustaceans
antennal glands
kidneys perform what 3 functions
filtrate the blood
reabsorption
active transport
Which one of the following taxa do not use their body surface, in whole or in part, for gas exchange?
A. Platyhelminthes
B. Cnidaria
C. Insecta
D. Amphibia
E. Cephalopoda
Ceplalapoda
The Insects have what type of respiratory system?
A. tracheal system
B. gills
C. open system
D. hemolymph
E. lamellar gills
A. tracheal system
What would be the main limitation of a concurrent* system, for gas exchange, in the gills of fish? *concurrent system = the blood and the water washing over the gill lamella both flow in the same direction (ie. opposite of countercurrent flow)
It would not maintain a gradient favorable for gas exchange along the entire length of a lamella.
Amphibians use which of the following mechanism(s) for respiration?
A. negative pressure
B. buccal pumping
C. body surface (i.e. cutaneous) gas exchange
D. hepatic piston
E. both A & B
F. both B & C
G. both C & D
both B & C
The majority of CO2 of mammals is transported as what material in their blood?
A. the bicarbonate ion
B. carbaminohemoglobin
C. oxyhemoglobin
D. urea
E. ammonia
F. uric acid
A. the bicarbonate ion
At the cardiovascular/tissue interface, which one of the following will occur under normal conditions?
A. the loading of O2 onto hemoglobin forces the unloading of CO2 into the tissues
B. the loading of CO2 onto hemoglobin forces the unloading of CO2 into the tissues
C. the loading of CO2 onto hemoglobin forces the unloading of carbaminohemoglobin into the tissues
D. the loading of O2 onto globin forces the unloading of CO2 into the tissues
Correct
E. the loading of CO2 onto globin forces the unloading of O2 into the tissues
the loading of CO2 onto globin forces the unloading of O2 into the tissues
Which of the following taxa secrete their nitrogen waste in the form of ammonia?
A. saltwater fish
B. freshwater fish
C. aquatic invertebrates
D. crocodylians
E. birds
F. A, B & C
G. B, C, and D
B, C, and D
What type of excretory system use flame cells as its functional unit?
A. kidneys
B. malphigian tubules
C. antennal glands
D. metanephidia
E. protonephridia
protonephridia
The functional unit of a kidney is what? What are its 2 major parts?
Correct
A. nephron; renal corpuscle & renal tubules
B. nephron; renal corpuscle & metanephiium
C. protonephridium; renal corpuscle & renal tubules
D. malphigian tubules; antennal gland & renal tubules
E. metanephridium; glomerulus & Bowman's capsule
A. nephron; renal corpuscle & renal tubules