Bio 2, Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

Which one of the following is not a fundamental assumption of Science?

A. that an objective reality (ie. realism) exists

B. that a consistency among facts exists

C. that empirical evidence is less important than logic

One of the ways in which science distinguishes itself from religion, mysticism and philosophy is:

A. science seeks to limit confirmation bias (strives for negation)

B. science seeks to promote confirmation bias

C. science seeks to ‘prove’ a hypotheses

D. science seeks to ‘prove’ theories

Which one of the following definitions of the term 'natural' is implied in the definition of science as "the study of natural phenomena?"

A. natural = not man-made or not artificial

B. natural = typical or usual

C. natural = not metaphysical or not supernatural

According to scientists, what is the main difference between a theory and a law?

A. theories are well examined facts and laws are hypotheses that are explanatory

B. theories are natural and laws are not

C. theories are well examined hypotheses that explain phenomena and laws do not explain facts, they simply state them

D. theories are stated facts whereas laws are well examined hypotheses that explain phenomena

E. theories are just untested ideas and laws are facts

Suppose you sign up for a drug study and as part of the study you don’t know if the pills they have given you are the actual drug or a placebo. Suppose further that the nurse that gathers data from you doesn't know whether you have received the placebo or the drug. Which one of the following is a correct statement about this study?

A. it is a single blind study

B. it is a double blind study

C. it is a triple blind study

D. this study is non-blinded

New Lectures (weekly readings) are posted:

A. every Tuesday by 11:59pm

B. every Wednesday by 11:59pm

C. when I turn in my previous week's quiz

D. when I request it

E. every Monday by 11:59pm

You can take a quiz or turn in your answers to a quiz later than 2 minutes after its due date.

True
False

What should I do if:

I submitted my answers to an un-timed Quiz. The due date has not passed for that quiz and I wish to change my answers for that quiz. Think this one out - pick the most reasonable answer.

A. send changes to Holly's college email

B. send changes to Holly's phone as a text (preferable) or left on her personal voice mail

C. call the changes into the science department secretary

D. put the answers into Holly's SCC office mailbox (interoffice mailbox)

The scheduled dates for Lecture Exams, Lab Practicals and the 2 timed Special Quizzes are found listed in the document 'Important Testing Dates and Protocols' posted in the Course Administration Module.

True
False

The Lecture Exam and Weekly Quiz questions are based on material presented in the Lectures.

True
False

Which one of the following most specifically defines natural selection?

A. Natural selection is the random survival and reproduction of individuals with typical genotypes.

B. Natural selection is the random survival and random reproduction of individuals with specific genotypes.

C. Natural selection is the non-random survival and reproduction of individuals with specific genotypes.

D. Natural selection is the random survival of random individuals.

E. Natural selection is defined exactly the same as concept of 'decent with modification'.

With Lepus americanus and Lepus californicus we see two species of hares (genus Lepus) that have lived in very different environments for a long time. The current range of L. americanus is Alaska and most of Canada, ranging south to northern California, northern New Mexico, northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, and in the east, southward through the Allegheny Mountains. L. californicus occurs all throughout Texas and into Mexico, ranging as far west as California and Baja California and north into Washington, Idaho, Colorado and Nebraska.

What is the scientific explanation for the differences between these two, similar, species?

A. They are different because one is a rabbit and the other is a hare.

B. They have always been different, that's just how things are.

C. Both kinds of rabbits were once members of the same species in the past, but by separation into different regions followed by different natural selection pressures they have adapted differently. They now look and act so differently that they do not mate with one another.

Which one of the following statements does not pertain to the process of natural selection (ie. its not part of the definition nor of its parameters). Hint: one of the statements below is just false. Which one is it?

A. Heritable variation exists among the individuals of all kinds (e.g. species).

B. Not all offspring survive to reproductive maturity.

C. The strongest & most powerful individuals in populations always pass on their genes.

D. Survival of individuals is not random. It is based on the possession of attributes (ie. genotypes) that are most useful in creating a 'fit' between the individual and the environment. The degree of this 'fitness' is measured only as future reproductive success.

E. Over many generations, the accumulation and spread of many 'adaptive' (genotypes that increase the 'fitness' of individuals), heritable traits will change the frequency of those same adaptive traits along with numerous others, in a population and species. When a population and, therefore, species (ie. a particular 'kind'), undergoes this process, it will appear to be 're-molded' to a form better matched to the environment.

Which one of the following is not a factor affecting the gene frequencies of populations?

A. natural selection

B. genetic drift

C. gene flow

D. mutation

E. mating behavior

F. All of these are likely to affect the gene frequencies in a population.

This is defined as the tendency for gene pools to change strictly by stochastic (randomly determined or chance) events.

A. genetic drift

B. gene flow

C. natural selection

D. fitness

E. phenotype

Gene flow is the population geneticist's code for ...

A. mutation

B. migration

C. natural selection

D. random mating

E. fertilization

Most mutations are ...

A. gene flow

B. non-random

C. advantageous to the organism or the population to which it will contribute its genes.

D. disadvantageous to the organism or the population to which it will contribute its genes.

E. events that only create monsters.

f the selections listed below, which one is the most likely cause of rapid evolutionary change?

A. natural selection

B. neutral mutations

C. chromosomal rearrangements

D. non-random mating

E. gene flow

What term is defined as: 'when the fitness (advantage) of a specific trait is inversely proportional to its frequency in the population'?

A. natural selection

B. assortative mating

C. inbreeding

D. frequency-dependent selection

E. kin selection

Biologically speaking, the tendency for humans to mate with people within their same culture and socioeconomic group (not including relatives) is an example of...

A. assortative mating

B. genetic drift

C. kin selection

D. bigotry

E. frequency-dependent selection

What is the term for a cultural embodiment of the rational human tendency to seek natural explanations for observed phenomena? It represents an effort to understand the Universe using empirical methods.

One of the two fundamental assumptions needed for science: The assumption that facts are real and not constructed by our perceptions. (also it is possible to accurately perceive reality)

One of the two fundamental assumptions needed for science: The assumption that natural phenomena are laws. (also Universal laws are sufficient to explain all phenomena)

A well tested, highly respected, working explanation of basic natural phenomena. Explains the "how" of something

Term for a concept that is socially constructed by the human mind and is culturally and situationally relative

Term for the human nature tendency to seek cororoboration, net negation

An occurrence, circumstance, or fact that is perceptible by the senses

Name the three possible meanings of "natural" in order from the essay

Science comes form the Latin scire which means

Science comes from the Indo-European root skei which means

The systematic identification, classification, and explanation of things and ideas and the relationships among them is called

Which form of natural does this statement refer to? The strange flashes or light seen in the swamp at night are clearly from natural causes.

Which meaning of the word natural is meant by the definition "Science is the study of natural phenomena"

What activity can be considered the cornerstone of all science? How does it relate to the term science?

What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?

Term for a postulated solution or working explanation of a problem that needs to be further tested

Can you prove a hypothesis?

Term for a sample to which the treatment is not applied but is subject to all other factors that the treated sample is exposed to

Term for a study wherein the participants and/or those taking information from the patients don't know who is receiving treatments

Study in which those taking the info know who are in the treatment group but the patients do not

Study in which those taking the info and the patients are both unaware of who is the the treatment group

When an observation is made repeatedly in different systems and it is always the same under same conditions, the observation is called a ...

Name the term for this statement: Because not all the individuals of a given kind will live to reproduce, probability favors the reproduction of those that have the characteristics or traits most advantageous for survival in their environment

Name the term for this statement: The heritable change in allele frequencies in a population over time. The changes occur because of either natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, or mutation

Name the term for this statement: the changes in the traits of populations within a species causes the populations to substantially diverge from one another possibly causing speciation. The changes can be caused by those listed above and also the processes of hybridization and endosymbiosis.

Term for the study of gene frequencies in populations and how they are affected by selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and mating behavior

Term for the tendency for gene pools to change strictly by stochastic (randomly determined) events

Genetic drift is most effective when the sample size is ...

Term for when an allele is unopposed in a population

Term for an effect that occurs when a segment of an existing population is separated from the main body of the population.

Term for any catastrophic event that reduces the numbers of a population to very low levels also lending itself to genetic drift

Term for migration either into or out of a population

If there is low gene flow between two populations, what is likely to occur?

Complete isolation of a population may lead quickly to...

A change in an organism's DNA is called

Are mutations random with respect to chromosomes?

Are mutations random with respect to natural selection?

Most mutations cause...

In rare instances, a mutation's loss of function is...

Mutations that cause a loss of function are the origin of...

Molecular clocks can you what to determine the origin of a species and larger taxonomic groups?

"Instant" species change can occur from what

Type of mating behavior where individuals mate with others that are closely related. If widespread this quickly reduces genetic varitation.

Inbreeding reduces BLANK and promotes BLANK

Type of mating behavior where individuals select mates based on their characteristics. (Those that have appealing characteristics are chosen more often as mates)

Type of selection that when a trait is rare, it is favored by selection and when it is common it is at a disadvantage.

Type of selection that is the altruistic behavior of an organism that may benefit relatives and thereby increase its and its relatives' survival.

Type of selection in which there are differential abilities of individuals to acquire mates in competition with other individuals of the same sex and this directly leads to the change in allele frequencies over time.

Sexual selection often leads to BLANK.

The differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females.

(Support of evolution)
The study of the geographical and habitat distributions of organisms and the historical and biological factors which produced them

Why don't multiple islands have identical species as related to biogeography?

(Support of evolution)
Device used to determine species to be related based on fossil evidence. Often times showing transitional forms.

(Support of evolution)
Comparison of morphology between taxa.

Body parts of differing species that due to ancestry have similarity of structure but not always function

Organs or structures that completely lack function in an organism but not in the organism's ancestors.

(Support of evolution)
Comparing the tissues of different animals as they develop is called...

What have comparative embryologists noted?

All the genes that have to be turned on to complete the formation of some body part

Distantly related species share similar basic body plan development because of these two things

Study of molecular genetics, embryology and evolution has led to a new hybrid discipline of biology called

(support of evolution)
Division of science that makes note of the conservation of certain genes and/or gene segments and the proteins that they produce across distant taxa

DNA segments within larger genes that turn on or off other genes during development and are found in numerous related taxa. They are conserved sequences across taxa.

Homeobox gene that when turned on by another upstream gene creates "spots". The spots produce outward projections called limbs.

a particular genotype is measured by how much it spreads in the next generation relative to another genotype. Purely based on offspring produced. This is called...

The differences in or between populations of a species.

If there is more than one phenotype for a trait, then the trait is...

If there is only one phenotype for a trait in a population or species, then that trait is...

Term that describes the concept that most traits are produced from multiple genes

Type of selection that occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotype range, thereby shifting a population's frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other. Common when the environment changes.

Type of selection where the mean doesn't shift but increases in frequency. The frequency of the extreme frequencies are reduced.

Type of selection that favors the extreme phenotypes. The mean stays the same but the number of individuals at the mean decrease.

Definition 1: A BLANK can be defined based on its reproductive isolation

Definition 2: A BLANK can be defined based on its phenotypes or morphology

Definition 3: A BLANK is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are generally reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Four ways speciation can come about

The physical splitting of one genome into two via geographic barriers and then the accumulation of mutations in the 2 separate groups producing speciation.

One genome can split into two via a reproductive barrier that is not caused by geographic separation in a process called

Term for when a species increases its chromosome sets and there is now variation in chromosome sets

Term for an increase in chromosome number that has been preceded by hybridization

Sympatric speciation can occur via these three ways...

If a small number of mutations occur to developmental genes, that can cause...

Retaining juvenile traits but having sexual maturity is called...

When two separate species successfully make offspring (hybridize), that causes...

Hybridization occurs most often in what two situations?

The close, intimate (on or inside another) association between 2 different species of organisms.

Smaller body in symbiosis that lives on or in the larger is called the

Symbioses in which the symbiont lives upon the internal or external body surfaces of the host is called

Symbioses in which the symbiont lives inside the host cells and is called

What are the three organelles thought to have endosymbiont origins?

What are the three pieces of evidence to support the endosymbiont theory?

Species 1 has a population that is rather small (8 individuals). In this population there are only 2 individuals that are ‘Aa’ and 6 are ‘AA’. Suppose further, that by chance, the 2 ‘Aa’ don’t mate with each other and instead they mate with the AA individuals. Question: What is the chance that an Aa individual crossed to a AA individual could make AA offspring? [note: don't over-think; this is a simple genetics cross; gets more difficult in following questions]

A. 0%

B. 25%

C. 50%

D. 75%

E. 100%

Species 1 has a population that is rather small (8 individuals). In this population there are only 2 individuals that are ‘Aa’ and 6 are ‘AA’. Suppose further, that by chance, the 2 ‘Aa’ don’t mate with each other and instead they each mate, only one time each, with an AA individual. [O.K. this is really a continuation of #1 above]
Let's next, suppose that the 2 separate AaxAA crosses produced only AA offspring and the parents died after this single mating. Also, the AA parents mated once to each other and died after the mating. Thus, the ‘a’ allele is lost this population. The loss of the ‘a’ allele, under these circumstances, in this population and the subsequent population having only A, has come about because of :
[i.e. what term, out of the selections below, best describes a mechanism whereby the population is now 'fixed' at dominant alllele ('A') for the A trait.]

a synopsis for this problem:
Aa x AA = 1 offspring that is AA;
Aa x AA = 1 offspring that is AA;
all others are AA x AA = all AA offspring
A. gene flow

B. genetic drift

C. frequency dependent selection

D. inbreeding

E. assortative mating

F. directional selection

G. stabilizing selection

H. disruptive (diversifying) selection

I. kin selection

J. sexual selection

Species 2 has a population that is rather small (10 individuals). In this population there are only 2 individuals that are ‘aa’ and 8 are ‘AA’. Suppose further, the 2 ‘aa’ perish in a hurricane before ever getting a chance mate. The loss of the ‘a’ allele in this population has come about because of:

A. gene flow

B. genetic drift

C. frequency dependent selection

D. inbreeding

E. assortative mating

F. directional selection

G. stabilizing selection

H. disruptive (diversifying) selection

I. kin selection

J. sexual selection

Suppose a population of: AA, Aa, aa individuals each with their own separate phenotype (i.e. 3 phenotypes total).
Question: Suppose that the ‘aa’ individuals were more cold tolerant and left more offspring than the other genotypes. In a cold environment, would you expect the relative fitness of ‘aa’ individuals to be higher or lower than the others genotypes?

A. higher

B. lower

The scenario detailed in previous question is indicative of:

A. gene flow for cold tolerance

B. genetic drift for cold tolerance

C. natural selection for cold tolerance

D. evo-devo for cold tolerance

E. assortative mating for cold tolerance

Suppose a population wherein males have a green necks. Recently, those males that have darker green necks are more often chosen by females (always drab light brown) for mating. Those males with lighter green necks are chosen less often. Question: females CHOOSING and MATING with (both behaviours) males with darker green colored necks is an example of:
A. gene flow

B. genetic drift

C. frequency dependent selection

D. inbreeding

E. assortative mating

F. directional selection

G. stabilizing selection

H. disruptive (diversifying) selection

I. kin selection

Suppose a population of an species wherein the males have a green necks. Recently, those males that have darker green necks are more often chosen by females for mating. Those with lighter green necks are chosen less often for mating. Additionally, all male offspring, produced from the matings of females with dark green necked males, have dark green necks. [note: this is same background as previous question]

If females continue mating disproportionately with dark necked males, the dark neck phenotype will increase in frequency in the population. The TYPE of selection that would be increasing dark green necked individuals in this population would be correctly termed:

A. gene flow

B. genetic drift

C. frequency dependent selection

D. inbreeding

E. assortative mating

F. directional selection

G. stabilizing selection

H. disruptive (diversifying) selection

I. kin selection

J. sexual selection

Suppose a population of an species wherein the males have a green necks. Recently, those males that have darker green necks are more often chosen by females for mating. Those with lighter green necks are chosen less often for mating. Additionally, all male offspring, produced from the matings of females with dark green necked males, have dark green necks. [note: this is same background as previous question]

If females continue mating disproportionately with dark necked males, the dark neck phenotype will increase in the population. The MODE of selection that would be increasing dark green necked individuals in this population would be correctly termed:

A. gene flow

B. genetic drift

C. frequency dependent selection

D. inbreeding

E. assortative mating

F. directional selection

G. stabilizing selection

H. disruptive (diversifying) selection

I. kin selection

J. sexual selection

What term is defined as ‘a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are generally reproductively isolated from other such groups’?

A. neoteny

B. species

C. population

D. sympatry

E. allopatry

F. autopolyploidy

G. allopolyploidy

The limitation of (or problem with) the Biological Species concept is:

A. doesn’t allow for sympatry

B. doesn’t allow for drift

C. doesn’t allow for drift

D. doesn’t allow for reproductive barriers

E. doesn’t allow hybridization

As listed in this week’s lecture, which one of the following cannot produce speciation?

A. neutral mutations

B. a few mutations of developmental genes

C. many mutations of non-developmental genes

D. endosymbiosis

E. hybridization

Suppose a population that covers an area of 1 square mile. Next suppose that a major highway is put right through the center of the population dividing it into 2 populations that, although doing well, can no longer mate with each other. If over time, the 2 separated populations accumulate enough phenotypic differences to be considered 2 species, what type of speciation would this be called?

A. hybridization

B. symbiosis

C. sympatric speciation

D. allopatric speciation

E. b & c

If a species increases its chromosome sets so that there is now variation in chromosome sets without hybridization directly preceding it, it is called:

A. allopatry

B. neoteny

C. ploidy

D. allopolyploidy

E. autopolyploidy

When individuals from two different species successfully make offspring it is called:

A. disruptive selection

B. allopatry

C. neoteny

D. genetic drift

E. hybridization

Which one of the following will not produce sympatric speciation?

A. reproductive barriers forming (from mutation) that allow some individuals to diverge from the rest of the population’s genome

B. autopolyploidy

C. hybridization

D. allopolyploidy

What are the 3 organelles thought to have an endosymbiont origin?

A. mitochondria, plastids, and kinetosomes

B. ribosomes, golgi , and nucleus

C. ribosomes, cell membrane, and plastids

D. mitochondria, golgi, nucleus

E. stroma, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi

Which one of the following is not evidence* in support of the endosymbiont theory?

* note that a statement may be true but, it is not evidentiary (i.e not evidence) if it doesn't support or lend credence to the idea it is linked to. For example, the fact that I have brown hair is not evidence in support of the statement (ie. evidentiary) that I am a female. The statement is true but, it doesn't support the contention that I am female.

A. mitochondria have their own DNA (small, looped)

B. chloroplasts have photopigments

C. chloroplasts and eukaryotic flagella have their own DNA (small, looped)

D. chloroplasts have their own ribosomes (which resemble bacterial ribosomes)

E. mitochondria have their own ribosomes (which resemble bacterial ribosomes)