Medical Terminology: Chapter 15 The Female Reproductive System; Pregnancy and Birth Flashcards

woman

Ex. Gynecology
study of women's diseases

month, menstruation

Ex. Premenstrual
before a menstrual periods

ovum, egg cell

Ex. Oocyte
cell that gives rise to an ovum

ovum, egg cell

Ex. Anovulatory
absence of egg ripening or of ovulation

ovary

Ex. Ovariopexy
surgical fixation of an ovary

ovary

Ex. Oophorectomy
excision of an ovary

tube, uterine tube

Ex. Salpingoplasty
plastic repair of a uterine tube

uterus

Ex. Intrauterine
within the uterus

uterus

Ex. Metrorrhea
abnormal uterine discharge

uterus

Ex. Hysterotomy
incision of the uterus

cervix, neck

Ex. Endocervical
pertaining to the lining of the cervix

vagina

Ex. Vaginometer
instrument for measuring the vagina

vagina

Ex. Colpostenosis
narrowing of the vagina

vulva

Ex. Vulvar
pertaining to the vulva

vulva

Ex. Episiotomy
incision of the vulva

perineum

Ex. Perineal
pertaining to the perineum

clitoris

Ex. Clitorectomy
excision of the clitoris

breast, mammary gland

Ex. Mammoplasty
plastic surgery of the breast

breast, mammary gland

Ex. Amastia
absence of the breasts

amnion, amniotic sac

Ex. Diamniotic
showing two amniotic sacs

embryo

Ex. Embryonic
pertaining to the embryo

fetus

Ex. Fetometry
measurement of a fetus

labor

Ex. Dystocia
difficult labor

birth

Ex. Neonate
newborn

milk

Ex. Lactose
sugar (-ose) found in milk

milk

Ex. Galactogogue
agent that promotes (-agogue) the flow of milk

pregnant woman

Ex. Nulligravida
woman who has never (nulli-) been pregnant

woman who has given birth

Ex. Multipara
woman who has given birth two or more times

Neck. Usually means the lower narrow portion (neck) of the uterus (root: cervic/o); cervix uteri (U-ter-ī)

A small erectile body anterior to the urethral opening that is similar in origin to the penis (root: clitor/o, clitorid/o)

The prevention of pregnancy

The small yellow structure that develops from the graafian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen

A blind pouch, such as the recess between the rectum and the uterus; the rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas

The inner lining of the uterus

A group of hormones that produce female characteristics and prepare the uterus for the fertilized egg. The most active of these is estradiol

See uterine tube

The long fingerlike extensions of the oviduct that wave to capture the released ovum (singular: fimbria)

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the female, it stimulates ripening of the ova in the ovary

An archlike space, such as the space between the uppermost wall of the vagina and the cervix; from Latin meaning “arch”

The two large folds of skin that form the sides of the vulva (root labi/o means “lip”) (singular: labium majus)

The two small folds of skin within the labia majora (singular: labium minus)

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that acts on the gonads. In the female, it stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum

A specialized gland capable of secreting milk in the female; the breast (root: mamm/o, mast/o)

The first menstrual period, which normally occurs during puberty

Cessation of menstrual cycles in the female

The cyclic discharge of blood and mucosal tissues from the lining of the nonpregnant uterus (root: men/o, mens); menstrual period, menses (MEN-sēz)

The muscular wall of the uterus

The cluster of cells in which the ovum ripens in the ovary

A female gonad (root: ovari/o, oophor/o)

The release of a mature ovum from the ovary (from ovule, meaning “little egg”)

The female gamete or reproductive cell (plural: ova) (root: oo, ov/o)

The region between the thighs from the external genitals to the anus (root: perine/o)

A hormone produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta that maintains the endometrium for pregnancy

Surgical constriction of the oviducts to produce sterilization

A tube extending from the upper lateral portion of the uterus that carries the ovum to the uterus (root: salping/o). Also called fallopian tube

The organ that receives the fertilized egg and maintains the developing offspring during pregnancy (root: uter/o, metr, hyster/o)

The muscular tube between the cervix and the vulva (root: vagin/o, colp/o)

The external female genital organs (root: vulv/o, episi/o)

Infection with the fungus Candida, a common cause of vaginitis

Painful or difficult menstruation. A common disorder that may be caused by infection, use of an intrauterine device, endometriosis, overproduction of prostaglandins, or other factors

Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually in the pelvic cavity

Benign tumor of smooth muscle (see leiomyoma)

Benign tumor of smooth muscle, usually in the uterine wall (myometrium). In the uterus, may cause bleeding and pressure on the bladder or rectum. Also called fibroid or myoma

Condition caused by the spread of infection from the reproductive tract into the pelvic cavity. Commonly caused by sexually transmitted gonorrhea and chlamydial infections

Inflammation of the oviduct; typically caused by urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted infection. Chronic salpingitis may lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy (development of the fertilized egg outside of the uterus)

Inflammation of the vagina

Instrument for examining the vagina and cervix

Removal of a cone of tissue from the lining of the cervix for cytologic examination; also called conization

Procedure in which the cervix is dilated (widened) and the uterine lining is scraped with a curette

Surgical removal of the uterus. Most commonly done because of tumors. Often the oviducts and ovaries are removed as well

Radiographic study of the breast for the detection of breast cancer

Excision of the breast to eliminate malignancy

Excision of an ovary

Study of cells collected from the cervix and vagina for early detection of cancer. Also called Papanicolaou smear or Pap test.

Surgical removal of the oviduct

Biopsy of the first lymph nodes to receive drainage from a tumor; used to determine spread of cancer in planning treatment

Needle biopsy using a computer-guided imaging system to locate suspicious tissue and remove samples for study

Appendages, such as the adnexa uteri—the ovaries, oviducts, and uterine ligaments

A pigmented ring, such as the dark area around the nipple of the breast

Mature ovarian follicle

A small mucus-secreting gland on the side of the vestibule (see below) near the vaginal opening. Also called Bartholin (BAR-tō-lin) gland

A fold of mucous membrane that partially covers the entrance of the vagina

The rounded, fleshy elevation anterior to the pubic joint that is covered with hair after puberty

An immature ovum

The period immediately before and after menopause; begins at the time of irregular menstrual cycles and ends one year after the last menstrual period; averages three to four years

The space between the labia minora that contains the openings of the urethra, vagina, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands

Herniation of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina

Pain during sexual intercourse

A condition in which there are palpable lumps in the breasts, usually associated with pain and tenderness. These lumps or “thickenings” change with the menstrual cycle and must be distinguished from malignant tumors by diagnostic methods

Excess growth of hair

Herniation of the urinary bladder into the wall of the vagina

Pain during sexual intercourse

A condition in which there are palpable lumps in the breasts, usually associated with pain and tenderness. These lumps or “thickenings” change with the menstrual cycle and must be distinguished from malignant tumors by diagnostic methods

Excess growth of hair

Puncture of the vaginal wall to sample fluid from the rectouterine space for diagnosis

Suture of the vulva or suture of the perineum cut in an episiotomy (incision to ease childbirth)

Endoscopic examination of the abdomen; may include surgical procedures, such as tubal ligation

Surgical removal of a uterine leiomyoma (fibroid, myoma)

An instrument used to enlarge the opening of a passage or cavity to allow examination

Delivery of radiation to a tumor from an external beam source, as compared to implantation of radioactive material (brachytherapy) or systemic administration of radionuclide

Agent that inhibits estrogen production; used for postmenopausal treatment of breast cancers that respond to estrogen. Examples are exemestane (Aromasin), anastrozole (Arimidex), letrozole (Femara)

Agent used to prevent and treat osteoporosis; increases bone mass by decreasing bone turnover. Examples are alendronate (Fosamax) and risedronate (Actonel)

Drug used to treat breast cancers that show excess receptors (HER2) for human epidermal growth factor. Example is trastuzumab (Herceptin)

Antineoplastic agent derived from yew trees used mainly in treatment of breast and ovarian cancer; Taxol

Drug that acts on estrogen receptors. Examples are tamoxifen (Nolvadex) and raloxifene (Evista), which is also used to prevent bone loss after menopause

The membranous sac filled with fluid that holds the fetus; also called amnion (root: amnio)

A system of rating an infant’s physical condition immediately after birth. Five features are rated as 0, 1, or 2 at one and five minutes after delivery and sometimes thereafter

The outermost layer of the embryo that, with the endometrium, forms the placenta (adjective: chorionic)

Breast fluid that is secreted in the first few days after giving birth, before milk is produced

A fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta, thus allowing blood to bypass the lungs

The stage in development between the zygote and the fetus, extending from the second through the eighth week of growth in the uterus (root: embry/o); adjective: embryonic

The union of an ovum and a spermatozoon

The developing child in the uterus from the third month to birth (root: fet/o); adjective: fetal

A small hole in the intraatrial septum in the fetal heart that allows blood to pass directly from the right to the left side of the heart

The period of development from conception to birth

Pregnant woman

A hormone secreted by the embryo early in pregnancy that maintains the corpus luteum so that it will continue to secrete hormones

The secretion of milk from the mammary glands

A pituitary hormone that stimulates contractions of the uterus. It also stimulates release (“letdown”) of milk from the breasts

Woman who has produced a viable infant. Multiple births are considered as single pregnancies

Childbirth (root: nat/i); labor (root: toc/o)

The organ, composed of fetal and maternal tissues, that nourishes and maintains the developing fetus

A group of hormones with varied effects, including the stimulation of uterine contractions

The structure that connects the fetus to the placenta. It contains vessels that carry blood between the mother and the fetus

The fertilized ovum

Termination of a pregnancy before the fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus, usually at 20 wk or 500 g. May be spontaneous or induced. A spontaneous abortion is commonly called a miscarriage

Congenital absence of a brain

Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening

An individual who has an unexpressed genetic defect that can be passed to his or her children

A congenital separation of the upper lip

A congenital split in the roof of the mouth

A disorder that is present at birth. May be developmental or hereditary (familial)

Convulsions and coma occurring during pregnancy or after delivery and associated with the conditions of pregnancy-induced hypertension (see below) (adjective: eclamptic)

Development of the fertilized ovum outside the body of the uterus. Usually occurs in the oviduct (tubal pregnancy) but may occur in other parts of the reproductive tract or abdominal cavity

Disease that results from Rh incompatibility between the blood of a mother and her fetus. An Rh-negative mother produces antibody to Rh-positive fetal red cells that enter her circulation. These antibodies can destroy Rh-positive fetal red cells in a later pregnancy unless the mother is treated with antibodies to remove the Rh antigen. Formerly called erythroblastosis fetalis

Inflammation of the breast, usually associated with the early weeks of breastfeeding

A change in the genetic material of the cell. Most mutations are harmful. If the change appears in the sex cells, it can be passed to future generations

Premature separation of the placenta; abruptio placentae

A placenta that is attached in the lower portion of the uterus instead of the upper portion, as is normal. May result in hemorrhage late in pregnancy

A toxic condition of late pregnancy associated with hypertension, edema, and proteinuria that, if untreated, may lead to eclampsia. Also called preeclampsia (prē-e-KLAMP-sē-a) and toxemia of pregnancy

A congenital defect in the closure of the spinal column through which the spinal cord and its membranes may project

A factor that causes developmental abnormalities in the fetus (root terat/o means “malformed fetus”); adjective: teratogenic

Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac to remove amniotic fluid for testing. Tests on the cells and fluid obtained can reveal congenital abnormalities, blood incompatibility, and sex of the fetus

Removal of chorionic cells through the cervix for prenatal testing. Can be done earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis

Widening of the cervix and removal of conception products by suction

A picture of the chromosomes of a cell arranged in order of decreasing size; can reveal abnormalities in the chromosomes themselves or in their number or arrangement (root kary/o means “nucleus”)

The use of high-frequency sound waves to produce a photograph of an organ or tissue. Used in obstetrics to diagnose pregnancy, multiple births, and abnormalities and also to study and measure the fetus. The picture obtained is a sonogram or ultrasonogram

The placenta and membranes delivered after birth of a child

Before childbirth, with reference to the mother

Light uterine contractions that occur during pregnancy and increase in frequency and intensity during the third trimester. They strengthen the uterus for delivery

Brownish pigmentation that appears on the face during pregnancy; melasma

A membrane-covered space between cranial bones in the fetus that later becomes ossified; a soft spot. Also spelled fontanelle

Occurring during childbirth

A dark line on the abdomen from the umbilicus to the pubic region that may appear late in pregnancy

The mixture of blood, mucus, and tissue discharged from the uterus after childbirth

The first feces of the newborn

Occurring during the end of pregnancy or the first few months after delivery, with reference to the mother

After childbirth, with reference to the mother

Describing an infant born before the organ systems are fully developed; immature

Occurring before the 37th week of gestation; describing an infant born before the 37th week of gestation

The first 42 days after childbirth, during which the mother's reproductive organs usually return to normal (root: puer means “child”)

Pinkish or gray lines that appear where skin has been stretched, as in pregnancy; stretch marks, striae gravidarum

The scar in the middle of the abdomen that marks the attachment point of the umbilical cord to the fetus; the navel

The cheeselike deposit that covers and protects the fetus (literally “cheesy varnish”)

The condition in which the head of the fetus is larger than the pelvic outlet; also called fetopelvic disproportion

A rare malignant neoplasm composed of placental tissue

Excessive secretion of milk or continuation of milk production after breastfeeding has ceased. Often results from excess prolactin secretion and may signal a pituitary tumor.

A benign overgrowth of placental tissue. The placenta dilates and resembles grapelike cysts. The neoplasm may invade the wall of the uterus, causing rupture. Also called hydatid mole.

An excess of amniotic fluid; also called polyhydramnios

A deficiency of amniotic fluid

Persistence of the ductus arteriosus after birth so that blood continues to shunt from the pulmonary artery to the aorta

Infection of the genital tract after delivery

Agent that induces abortion

A fetal protein that may be elevated in amniotic fluid and maternal serum in cases of certain fetal disorders

Placement of active semen into the vagina or cervix for the purpose of impregnation. The semen can be from a husband, partner, or donor

Incision of the abdominal wall and uterus for delivery of a fetus

Puncture of the vaginal wall to sample fluid from the rectouterine space for diagnosis

Selective destruction of the endometrium for therapeutic purpose; done to relieve excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)

A technique for pulmonary bypass in which deoxygenated blood is removed, passed through a circuit that oxygenates the blood, and then returned. Used for selected newborn and pediatric patients in respiratory failure with an otherwise good prognosis

Clinical procedure for achieving fertilization when it cannot be accomplished naturally. An oocyte (immature ovum) is removed, fertilized in the laboratory, and placed as a zygote into the uterus or fallopian tube (ZIFT, zygote intrafallopian transfer). Alternatively, an ovum can be removed and placed along with sperm cells into the fallopian tube (GIFT, gamete intrafallopian transfer)

The branch of medicine that treats women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium. Usually combined with the practice of gynecology

The branch of medicine that treats children and diseases of children (root: ped/o means “child”)

Measurement of the pelvis by manual examination or radiographic study to determine whether delivery of a fetus through the vagina will be possible

Trade name for oxytocin; used to induce and hasten labor

Term describing the part of the fetus that can be felt by vaginal or rectal examination. Normally the head presents first (vertex presentation), but sometimes the buttocks (breech presentation), face, or other part presents first

Trade name for a preparation of antibody to the Rh(D) antigen; used to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn in cases of Rh incompatibility

Aromatase inhibitor

Breast cancer gene 1

Breast cancer gene 2

Breast self-examination

Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

Bacterial vaginosis

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Dilation and curettage

Ductal carcinoma in situ

Diethylstilbestrol

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Gonococcus (cause of gonorrhea)

Gynecology

Human papillomavirus

Hormone replacement therapy

Intrauterine device

Luteinizing hormone

Nongonococcal urethritis

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Premenstrual syndrome

Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Sexually transmitted disease

Sexually transmitted infection

Total abdominal hysterectomy

Toxic shock syndrome

Uterine fibroid embolization

Venereal disease (sexually transmitted disease)

Abortion

Alpha-fetoprotein

Appropriate for gestational age

Artificial insemination

Assisted reproductive technology

section - Cesarean section

Cephalopelvic disproportion

Chorionic villus sampling

Dilatation and evacuation

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Estimated date of confinement

Fetal heart rate

Fetal heart tone

Full-term normal delivery

Full-term pregnancy

Gestational age

Gamete intrafallopian transfer

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

In vitro fertilization

Last menstrual period

Newborn

Neonatal intensive care unit

Obstetrics, obstetrician

Patent ductus arteriosus

Pregnancy-induced hypertension

Phenylketonuria

Spontaneous vaginal delivery

Uterine contractions

Uterine term pregnancy

Vaginal birth after cesarean section

Zygote intrafallopian transfer