kidney

Ex. Suprarenal
above the kidney

kidney

Ex. Nephrosis
any noninflammatory disease condition of the kidney

glomerulus

Ex. Juxtaglomerular
near the glomerulus

renal pelvis

Ex. Pyelectasis
dilatation of the renal pelvis

calyx

Ex. Caliceal
pertaining to a renal calyx (note addition of e); also spelled calyceal

urine, urinary tract

Ex. Urosepsis
generalized infection that originates in the urinary tract

urine

Ex. Nocturia
urination during the night (noct/i)

ureter

Ex. Ureterostenosis
narrowing of the ureter

urinary bladder

Ex. Cystocele
hernia of the bladder

urinary bladder

Ex. Intravesical
within the urinary bladder

urethra

Ex. Urethrotome
instrument for incising the urethra

A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine

A substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys

A cuplike cavity in the pelvis of the kidney; also calix (plural: calices) (root: cali, calic)

Increased excretion of urine

A substance that increases the excretion of urine; pertaining to diuresis

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out of the blood; Bowman (BŌ-man) capsule

The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron through the glomerular capsule

The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule (plural: glomeruli) (root: glomerul/o)

An organ of excretion (root: ren/o, nephr/o); the two kidneys filter the blood and form urine, which contains metabolic waste products and other substances as needed to regulate the water and electrolyte balance and the pH of body fluids

The voiding of urine; urination

A microscopic functional unit of the kidney; working with blood vessels, the nephron filters the blood and balances the composition of urine

The kidney’s outer portion; contains portions of the nephrons

The kidney’s inner portion; contains portions of the nephrons and ducts that transport urine toward the renal pelvis

The expanded upper end of the ureter that receives urine from the kidney; Greek root pyel/o means “basin”

A triangular structure in the renal medulla; composed of the nephrons loops and collecting ducts

An enzyme produced by the kidneys that activates angiotensin in the blood

A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra

The return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood through the peritubular capillaries

The main nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) waste product in the urine

The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder (root: ureter/o)

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (root: urethr/o)

The organ that stores and eliminates urine excreted by the kidneys (root: cyst/o, vesic/o)

The voiding of urine; micturition

The fluid excreted by the kidneys. It consists of water, electrolytes, urea, other metabolic wastes, and pigments. A variety of other substances may appear in urine in cases of disease (root: ur/o)

Excessive acidity of body fluids

Presence of bacteria in the urine

A solid mold of a renal tubule found in the urine

Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually as a result of infection

Painful or difficult urination

Inflammation of the kidney primarily involving the glomeruli. The acute form usually occurs after an infection elsewhere in the body; the chronic form varies in cause and usually leads to renal failure

Presence of blood in the urine

Collection of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction; causes distention and renal atrophy

Deficiency of potassium in the blood

Deficiency of sodium in the blood

Decreased amount of protein in the blood; may be caused by kidney damage resulting from protein loss

Excess amount of potassium in the blood

Excess amount of sodium in the blood

Condition that results from glomerular damage leading to loss of protein in the urine (proteinuria). There is low plasma protein (hypoproteinemia), edema, and increased blood lipids as the liver releases lipoproteins. Also called nephrosis

Elimination of small amounts of urine

Presence of protein, mainly albumin, in the urine

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney, usually as a result of infection

Presence of pus in the urine

Radiating pain in the region of the kidney associated with the passage of a stone

Presence of toxic levels of urea and other nitrogenous substances in the blood as a result of renal insufficiency

Inflammation of the urethra, usually due to infection

Stoppage of urine flow; urinary stagnation

Introduction of a tube into a passage, such as through the urethra into the bladder for withdrawal of urine

An instrument for examining the inside of the urinary bladder. Also used for removing foreign objects, for surgery, and for other forms of treatment

Separation of substances by passage through a semipermeable membrane. Dialysis is used to rid the body of unwanted substances when the kidneys are impaired or missing. The two forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

Removal of unwanted substances from the blood by passage through a semipermeable membrane

See intravenous urography

Radiographic visualization of the urinary tract after intravenous administration of a contrast medium that is excreted in the urine; also called excretory urography or intravenous pyelography, although the latter is less accurate because the procedure shows more than just the renal pelvis

Crushing of a stone

Removal of unwanted substances from the body by introduction of a dialyzing fluid into the peritoneal cavity followed by removal of the fluid

Pyelography in which the contrast medium is injected into the kidneys from below, by way of the ureters

The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity of normal urine ranges from 1.015 to 1.025. This value may increase or decrease in disease

Laboratory study of the urine. Physical and chemical properties and microscopic appearance are included

Surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

Diversion of urine by connection of the ureters to an isolated segment of the ileum. One end of the segment is sealed, and the other drains through an opening in the abdominal wall. A procedure used when the bladder is removed or nonfunctional. Also called ileal bladder

Incision of an organ to remove a stone (calculus)

Surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient

A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

The volume of plasma that can be cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit of time; renal plasma clearance

A nitrogenous byproduct of muscle metabolism. An increase in blood creatinine is a sign of renal failure

The muscle in the bladder wall

The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the nephrons of both kidneys

The maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported across the renal tubule; tubular maximum

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus considered as a unit; the filtration device of the kidney

Lack of urination

Lack of urine formation

Presence of an increased nitrogenous waste, especially urea, in the blood

Presence of an increased nitrogenous compounds, especially urea, in the urine

Herniation of the bladder into the vagina; vesicocele

Excessive loss of body fluids

A condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone, resulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extreme thirst

Involuntary urination, usually at night; bed-wetting

A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis as a groove or cleft; anaspadias

Presence of glucose in the urine, as in cases of diabetes mellitus

A congenital union of the lower poles of the kidneys, resulting in a horseshoe-shaped organ

Distention of the ureter with urine caused by obstruction

A congenital condition in which the urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis or into the vagina

A decrease in blood volume

Any bladder dysfunction that results from a central nervous system lesion

Excessive urination at night (noct/o means “night”)

A hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts

Excessive thirst

Elimination of large amounts of urine, as in diabetes mellitus

Accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate

A kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calices to give a “staghorn” appearance

A cyst-like dilation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder. Usually results from a congenital narrowing of the ureteral opening

A need to urinate often without an increase in average output

Inability to retain urine; may originate with a neurologic disorder, trauma to the spinal cord, weakness of the pelvic muscles, urinary retention, or impaired bladder function

Sudden need to urinate

Excess intake or retention of water with decrease in sodium concentration. May result from excess drinking, excess ADH, or replacement of a large amount of body fluid with pure water. Causes an imbalance in the cellular environment, with edema and other disturbances

A malignant tumor of the kidney that usually appears in children before the age of 5 years

A measure of electrolyte imbalance

Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea. An increase in BUN indicates an increase in nitrogenous waste products in the blood and renal failure

A urine sample obtained after thorough cleansing of the urethral opening and collected in midstream to minimize the chance of contamination

A study of bladder function in which the bladder is filled with fluid or air and the pressure exerted by the bladder muscle at varying degrees of filling is measured. The tracing recorded is a cystometrogram

Laboratory study of urinary proteins; used to diagnose multiple myeloma, systemic lupus erythematosus, and lymphoid tumor

Device for measuring the specific gravity of urine

A urinary tract catheter with a balloon at one end that prevents the catheter from leaving the bladder

Instrument for crushing a bladder stone

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Antidiuretic hormone

Acute renal failure

Acute tubular necrosis

Blood urea nitrogen

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis

Cystometrography; cystometrogram

Chronic renal failure

Erythropoietin

End-stage renal disease

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

Glomerular filtration rate

Genitourinary

Intravenous pyelography

Intravenous urography

Potassium

Kidney–ureter–bladder (radiography)

Sodium

Protein electrophoresis

Specific gravity

Maximal transport capacity

Urinalysis

Urinary tract infection