Medical Terminology: Chapter 12 The Digestive System Flashcards

cheek

Ex. Buccoversion
turning toward the cheek

tooth, teeth

Ex. Edentulous
without teeth

tooth, teeth

Ex. Periodontics
dental specialty that deals with the study and treatment of the tissues around the teeth

gum (gingiva)

Ex. Gingivectomy
excision of gum tissue

tongue

Ex. Glossoplegia
paralysis (-plegia) of the tongue

tongue

Ex. Orolingual
pertaining to the mouth and tongue

jaw prognathous
having a projecting jaw

lip

Ex. Labium
lip or liplike structure

mouth

Ex. Circumoral
around the mouth

mouth

Ex. Xerostomia
dryness (xero-) of the mouth

palate

Ex. Palatine
pertaining to the palate (also palatal)

saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct

Ex. Sialogram
radiograph of the salivary glands and ducts

uvula

Ex. Uvulotome
instrument (-tome) for incising the uvula

esophagus

Ex. Esophageal
pertaining to the esophagus

stomach

Ex. Gastroparesis
partial paralysis (paresis) of the stomach

pylorus

Ex. Pyloroplasty
plastic repair of the pylorus

intestine

Ex. Dysentery
infectious disease of the intestine

duodenum

Ex. Duodenostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the duodenum

jejunum

Ex. Jejunectomy
excision of the jejunum

ileum

Ex. Ileitis
inflammation of the ileum

cecum

Ex. Cecoptosis
downward displacement of the cecum

colon

Ex. Coloclysis
irrigation (-clysis) of the colon

sigmoid colon
sigmoidoscope an endoscope for examining the sigmoid colon

rectum

Ex. Rectocele
hernia of the rectum

rectum

Ex. Proctopexy
surgical fixation of the rectum

anus

Ex. Perianal
around the anus

liver

Ex. Hepatocyte
a liver cell

bile

Ex. Biliary
pertaining to the bile or bile ducts

bile, gall

Ex. Cholestasis
stoppage of bile flow

gallbladder

Ex. Cholecystogram
radiograph of the gallbladder

bile duct

Ex. Cholangioma
cancer of the bile ducts

common bile duct

Ex. Choledochal
pertaining to the common bile duct

pancreas

Ex. Pancreatotropic
acting on the pancreas

The distal opening of the digestive tract (root: an/o)

An appendage; usually means the narrow tube of lymphatic tissue attached to the cecum, the vermiform (wormlike) appendix

The fluid secreted by the liver that emulsified fats and aids in their absorption (roots: chol/e, bili)

A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine (root: cec/o)

The major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending portions (root: col/o, colon/o)

The duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct (root: choledoch/o)

The first portion of the small intestine (root: duoden/o)

An organic catalyst; speeds the rate of chemical reactions

The muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.

The waste material eliminated from the intestine (adjective: fecal); stool

A sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile (root: cholecyst/o)

A special pathway of the circulation that brings blood directly from the abdominal organs to the liver for processing (also called simply the portal system). The vessel that enters the liver is the hepatic portal vein (portal vein).

The terminal portion of the small intestine (root: ile/o)

The portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus. It consists of the small intestine and large intestine. It functions in digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste (root: enter/o). The bowel (BOW-el)

The middle portion of the small intestine (root: jejun/o)

A lymphatic capillary in a villus of the small intestine. Lacteals absorb digested fats into the lymph

The terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. It stores and eliminates undigested waste material (feces)

The large gland in the upper right part of the abdomen. In addition to many other functions, it secretes bile needed for digestion and absorption of fats (root: hepat/o)

Muscle tissue at the distal end of the esophagus (gastroesophageal junction) that prevents stomach contents from refluxing into the esophagus. Also called the cardiac sphincter

Chewing

The oral cavity; contains the tongue and teeth. Used to take in and chew food, mix it with saliva, and move it toward the throat to be swallowed

The roof of the mouth; the partition between the mouth and nasal cavity; consists of an anterior portion formed by bone, the hard palate, and a posterior portion formed of tissue, the soft palate (root: palat/o)

A large, elongated gland behind the stomach. It produces hormones that regulate sugar metabolism and also produces digestive enzymes (root: pancreat/o)

Wavelike contractions of an organ's walls; moves material through an organ or duct

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and supports the abdominal organs

The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o)

The stomach's distal opening into the duodenum. The opening is controlled by a ring of muscle, the pyloric sphincter (root: pylor/o)

The distal portion of the large intestine. It stores and eliminates undigested waste (root: rect/o, proct/o)

The clear secretion released into the mouth that moistens food and contains a starch-digesting enzyme (root: sial/o). Saliva is produced by three pairs of glands: the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

Distal S-shaped portion of the large intestine located between the descending colon and the rectum

The portion of the intestine between the stomach and the large intestine; comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Accessory organs secrete into the small intestine, and almost all digestion and absorption occur there

A muscular saclike organ below the diaphragm that stores food and secretes juices that digest proteins (root: gastr/o)

The fleshy mass that hangs from the soft palate; aids in speech production (literally “little grape”) (root: uvul/o)

Tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that absorb digested foods into the circulation (singular: villus)

Inflammation of the appendix

Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. May be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in plasma composition

Lower esophageal ulcer resulting from chronic esophagitis, often with constriction caused by mucosal changes; may be premalignant. Also called Barrett esophagus

Acute abdominal pain caused by gallstones in the bile ducts

A pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile

Tooth decay

Inability to absorb foods containing gluten, a protein found in wheat and some other grains; caused by an excess immune response to gluten

Inflammation of the gallbladder

The condition of having stones in the gallbladder; also used to refer to stones in the common bile duct

Chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue

A chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract usually involving the ileum and colon

The frequent passage of watery bowel movements

Inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the wall of the digestive tract, especially in the colon

The presence of diverticula, especially in the colon

Difficulty in swallowing

Vomiting

An abnormal passageway between two organs or from an organ to the body surface, such as between the rectum and anus (anorectal fistula)

Inflammation of the stomach and intestine

Condition caused by reflux of gastric juices into the esophagus resulting in heartburn, regurgitation, inflammation, and possible damage to the esophagus; caused by weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A warm or burning sensation felt behind the sternum and radiating upward. Commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Medical name is pyrosis (pyr/o means “heat”)

Varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and sometimes prolapse of the rectum

Inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection

Enlargement of the liver

A protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

Jaundice

Intestinal obstruction. May be caused by lack of peristalsis (adynamic, paralytic ileus) or by contraction (dynamic ileus). Intestinal matter and gas may be relieved by insertion of a drainage tube

Slipping of one part of the intestine into another part below it. Occurs mainly in male infants in the ileocecal region). May be fatal if untreated for more than one day

A yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eye caused by bile pigments in the blood (from French jaune meaning “yellow”). The main pigment is bilirubin, a byproduct of erythrocyte destruction

White patches on mucous membranes, as on the tongue or cheeks, often resulting from smoking or other irritants; may be precancerous

An unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset, motion sickness, and sometimes early pregnancy

Blood present in such small amounts that it can be detected only microscopically or chemically; in the feces, a sign of intestinal bleeding (occult means “hidden”)

Inflammation of the pancreas

A lesion in the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum caused by the action of gastric juice

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. May result from perforation of an ulcer, rupture of the appendix, or infection of the reproductive tract, among other causes.

A tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily

An abnormal pressure increase in the hepatic portal system. May be caused by cirrhosis, infection, thrombosis, or tumors

Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum; pylorostenosis

A backward flowing, such as the backflow of undigested food

Enlargement of the spleen

Chronic ulceration of the rectum and colon; the cause is unknown, but may involve autoimmunity

Twisting of the intestine resulting in obstruction. Usually involves the sigmoid colon and occurs most often in children and in the elderly. May be caused by congenital malformation, a foreign body, or adhesion. Failure to treat immediately may result in death

A passage or communication between two vessels or organs. May be normal or pathologic, or may be created surgically

Use of barium sulfate as a liquid contrast medium for fluoroscopic or radiographic study of the digestive tract. Can show obstruction, tumors, ulcers, hiatal hernia, and motility disorders, among other things

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

A system for staging colorectal cancer based on degree of penetration of the bowel wall and lymph node involvement; severity is graded from A to C

Use of a fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual examination. GI studies include esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy (rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of the colon)

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; a technique for viewing the pancreatic and bile ducts and for performing certain techniques to relieve obstructions. Contrast medium is injected into the biliary system from the duodenum and radiographs are taken

An opening into the body; generally refers to an opening created for elimination of body waste. Also refers to the operation done to create such an opening (see stoma)

A surgically created opening to the body surface or between two organs (literally “mouth”)

A mass, such as the rounded mass of food that is swallowed

The part of the stomach near the esophagus, named for its closeness to the heart

The semiliquid partially digested food that moves from the stomach into the small intestine

The evacuation of feces from the rectum

Swallowing

The part of the duodenum near the pylorus; the first bend (flexure) of the duodenum

The raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum; papilla of Vater (FA-ter)

A fold of the peritoneum that extends from the stomach over the abdominal organs

The right bend of the colon, forming the junction between the ascending colon and the transverse colon

A valve-like structure between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the intestine

The portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the colon

See duodenal papilla

The large folds in the lining of the stomach seen when the stomach is empty

The ring of muscle at the opening of the common bile duct into the duodenum

The left bend of the colon, forming the junction between the transverse colon and the descending colon

Failure of a smooth muscle to relax, especially the lower esophageal sphincter, so that food is retained in the esophagus

Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; opposite is hyperchlorhydria

Loss of appetite. Anorexia nervosa is a psychologically induced refusal or inability to eat (adjectives: anorectic, anorexic)

Refusal or inability to eat; inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing

An ulcer in a mucous membrane, as in the mouth

Clenching and grinding of the teeth, usually during sleep

Excessive, insatiable appetite. A disorder characterized by overeating followed by induced vomiting, diarrhea, or fasting

Profound ill health, malnutrition, and wasting

Cracking at the corners of the mouth, often caused by B vitamin deficiency (root cheil/o means “lip”)

Stoppage of bile flow

Infrequency or difficulty in defecation and the passage of hard, dry feces

Poor or painful digestion

Belching

A heredity condition in which multiple polyps form in the colon and rectum, predisposing to colorectal cancer

Condition of having gas or air in the GI tract

Gas or air in the gastrointestinal tract; gas or air expelled through the anus

Vomiting of blood

A chronic stress-related disease characterized by diarrhea, constipation, and pain associated with rhythmic contractions of the intestine. Mucous colitis; spastic colon

An extremely dilated colon. Usually congenital but may occur in acute ulcerative colitis

Black tarry feces resulting from blood in the intestines. Common in newborns. May also be a sign of gastrointestinal bleeding

Extreme constipation

A form of anemia caused by the stomach’s failure to secrete intrinsic factor, a substance needed for the absorption of vitamin B12

A dermal cyst in the sacral region, usually at the top of the cleft between the buttocks. May become infected and begin to drain.

Fungal infection of the mouth and/or throat caused by Candida; appears as mucosal white patches or ulcers

Severe gingivitis with necrosis associated with the bacterium Treponema vincentii; necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis; trench mouth

Surgical removal of the appendix

The branch of medicine concerned with prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases (from Greek baros, meaning “weight”)

Surgery to reduce the size of the stomach and reduce nutrient absorption in the treatment of morbid obesity.

Gastrectomy with anastomosis of the stomach to the duodenum (Billroth I) or to the jejunum (Billroth II)

Division of the stomach and anastomosis of its upper part to the small intestine (jejunum) to reduce nutrient absorption; used to treat morbid obesity. Other surgical methods are used for this purpose, including partition of the stomach with rows of staples (gastric stapling)

Process of feeding through a nasogastric tube into the stomach

Washing out of a cavity; irrigation

Measurement of pressure; pertaining to the GI tract, measurement of pressure in the portal system as a sign of obstruction

Inability to take a deep breath when fingers are pressed firmly below the right arch of the ribs (below the liver). Signifies gallbladder disease

Tube that is passed through the nose into the stomach. May be used for emptying the stomach, administering medication, giving liquids, or sampling stomach contents.

Complete intravenous feeding for one who cannot take in food. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

Tube inserted into the stomach for long-term feeding

Interruption of impulses from the vagus nerve to reduce stomach secretions in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Originally done surgically but may also be done with drugs

Agent that counteracts acidity, usually gastric acidity

Treats or prevents diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal lining

Agent that relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting

Agent that prevents or relieves flatulence

Agent that relieves spasm, usually of smooth muscle

An agent that causes vomiting

Drug that decreases secretion of stomach acid by interfering with the action of histamine at H2 receptors. Used to treat ulcers and other gastrointestinal problems. H2-receptor-blocking agent

Promotes elimination from the large intestine. Types include stimulants, substances that retain water (hyperosmotics), stool softeners, and bulk-forming agents

Agent that inhibits secretion of stomach acid by blocking the transport of hydrogen ions (protons) into the stomach

Barium enema (for radiographic study of the colon)

Bowel movement

Common bile duct

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastrointestinal

Hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis D virus

Hepatitis E virus

Hydrochloric acid

Inflammatory bowel disease

Irritable bowel syndrome

Lower esophageal sphincter

Nasogastric (tube)

Nausea and vomiting

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Postoperative nausea and vomiting

Proton pump inhibitor

Total parenteral nutrition

Upper gastrointestinal (radiograph series)