Medical Terminology: Chapter 11 The Respiratory System Flashcards

nose

Ex. Intranasal
within the nose

nose

Ex. Rhinoplasty
plastic repair of the nose

pharynx

Ex. Pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx

larynx

Ex. Laryngospasm
spasm (sudden contraction) of the larynx

trachea

Ex. Tracheotome
instrument used to incise the trachea

bronchus

Ex. Bronchogenic
originating in a bronchus

bronchiole

Ex. Bronchiolectasis
dilatation of the bronchioles

diaphragm

Ex. Phrenic
pertaining to the diaphragm

phrenic nerve

Ex. Phrenicectomy
partial excision of the phrenic nerve

pleura

Ex. Pleurodesis
fusion of the pleura

lung

Ex. Extrapulmonary
outside the lungs

lung

Ex. Pneumonitis
inflammation of the lung; pneumonia

air, gas; also respiration, lung

Ex. Pneumothorax
presence of air in the thorax (pleural space)

breathing

Ex. Spirometer
instrument for measuring breathing volumes

Breathing

Ex. Orthopnea
breathing difficulty that is relieved by assuming an upright (ortho-) position

level of oxygen

Ex. Hypoxia
decreased amount of oxygen in the tissues

level of carbon dioxide

Ex. Hypercapnia
increased carbon dioxide in the tissues

Voice

Ex. Dysphonia
difficulty in speaking

Lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils

The tiny air sacs in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood in respiration (singular: alveolus). An alveolus, in general, is a small hollow or cavity; the term is also used to describe the bony socket for a tooth

One of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes (root: bronchiol)

One of the larger air passageways in the lungs. The bronchi begin as two branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs (plural: bronchi) (root: bronch)

A gas produced by energy metabolism in cells and eliminated through the lungs

An acid formed by carbon dioxide when it dissolves in water; H2CO3

A measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure. Compliance is reduced in many types of respiratory disorders

The dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inspiration (root: phren/o)

A leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea

The act of coughing up material from the respiratory tract; also the material thus released; sputum

The act of breathing out or expelling air from the lungs; exhalation

The opening between the vocal cords

The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen

The act of drawing air into the lungs; inhalation

The enlarged upper end of the trachea that contains the vocal cords (root: laryng/o)

A cone-shaped spongy organ of respiration contained within the thorax (roots: pneum, pulm)

The space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space

The organ of the face used for breathing and for housing receptors for the sense of smell; includes an external portion and an internal nasal cavity (roots: nas/o, rhin/o)

The gas needed by cells to release energy from food during metabolism

The paired masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx; usually meant when the term tonsils is used alone

The throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root: pharyng/o)

The nerve that activates the diaphragm (root: phrenic/o)

A double-layered membrane that lines the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and covers the lungs (visceral pleura) (root: pleur/o)

The thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura; pleural cavity

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

A cavity or channel; the paranasal sinuses are located near the nose and drain into the nasal cavity

The substance released by coughing or clearing the throat; expectoration. It may contain a variety of material from the respiratory tract

A substance that decreases surface tension within the alveoli and eases lung expansion.

The air passageway that extends from the larynx to the bronchi (root: trache/o)

The bony projections in the nasal cavity that contain receptors for the sense of smell. Also called conchae (KON-kē)

Membranous folds on either side of the larynx that are important in speech production. Also called vocal folds

Abnormal acidity of body fluids. Respiratory acidosis is caused by abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the body

Pulmonary edema that can lead rapidly to fatal respiratory failure; causes include trauma, aspiration into the lungs, viral pneumonia, and drug reactions; shock lung

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa with sneezing, tearing, and profuse secretion of watery mucus, as seen in the common cold

Abnormal alkalinity of body fluids. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the body

The accidental inhalation of food or other foreign material into the lungs. Also means the withdrawal of fluid from a cavity by suction

A disease characterized by dyspnea and wheezing caused by spasm of the bronchial tubes or swelling of their mucous membranes

Incomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung; lung collapse. May be present at birth (as in respiratory distress syndrome) or be caused by bronchial obstruction or compression of lung tissue (prefix atel/o means “imperfect”)

Chronic dilatation of a bronchus or bronchi

Inflammation of a bronchus

Any of a group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating respiratory diseases, which includes emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis

Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood (adjective: cyanotic)

An inherited disease that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands. Characterized by mucus accumulation in the bronchi causing obstruction and leading to infection

Acute infectious disease, usually limited to the upper respiratory tract, characterized by the formation of a surface pseudomembrane composed of cells and coagulated material

Difficult or labored breathing, sometimes with pain; “air hunger”

A chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and destruction of the alveoli

Accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space; pyothorax

The spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract (ptysis means “spitting”)

Presence of blood in the pleural space

Presence of fluid in the pleural space

Increased rate and depth of breathing; increase in the amount of air entering the alveoli

An acute, contagious respiratory infection causing fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain; “flu”

An acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough ending in a whooping inspiration; whooping cough

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. The fluid may contain blood (hemothorax) or pus (pyothorax or empyema)

Inflammation of the pleura; pleuritis. A symptom of pleurisy is sharp pain on breathing

Disease of the respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles. Named more specifically by the type of dust inhaled, such as silicosis, anthracosis, asbestosis

Inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection. May involve the bronchioles and alveoli (bronchopneumonia) or one or more lobes of the lung (lobar pneumonia)

Inflammation of the lungs; may follow infection or be caused by asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants

Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space. May result from injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung

Accumulation of pus in the pleural space; empyema

A respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without enough surfactant in the lungs. It is treated with respiratory support and surfactant administration

The sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant; crib death

An infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Often involves the lungs but may involve other parts of the body as well. Miliary (MIL-ē-ar-ē) tuberculosis is an acute generalized form of the disease with formation of minute tubercles that resemble millet seeds

The concentrations of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in arterial blood. Reported as the partial pressure (P) of the gas in arterial (a) blood, such as PaO2 or PaCO2. These measurements are important in measuring acid-base balance

An endoscope used to examine the tracheobronchial passageways. Also allows access for biopsy of tissue to removal of a foreign object

Study based on the accumulation of radioactive isotope in lung tissue. A ventilation scan measures ventilation after inhalation of radioactive material. A perfusion scan measures blood supply to the lungs after injection of radioactive material. Also called a pulmonary scintiscan

Determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by means of a photoelectric apparatus (oximeter), usually placed on the finger or the ear; reported as SpO2 in percent

Tests done to assess breathing, usually by spirometry

An apparatus used to measure breathing volumes and capacities; record of test is a spirogram

Surgical puncture of the chest for removal of air or fluids, such as may accumulate after surgery or as a result of injury, infection, or cardiovascular problems. Also called thoracocentesis

A skin test for tuberculosis. Tuberculin (PPD), the test material made from products of the tuberculosis organism, is injected below the skin. A hard, raised lump appearing with 48 to 72 hours indicates an active or inactive TB infection. Also called the Mantoux (man-TOO) test

A projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage that forms a ridge between the two bronchi. Used as a landmark for endoscopy. Any ridge or ridgelike structure (from a Latin word that means “keel”)

An anatomical depression in an organ where vessels and nerves enter

The external openings of the nose; the nostrils (singular, naris)

The partition that divides the nasal cavity into two parts (root sept/o means “septum”)

Meaning

Lack or absence of oxygen in the tissues; often used incorrectly to mean hypoxia

Condition caused by inadequate intake of oxygen; suffocation (literally “lack of pulse”)

Deep, fast breathing interrupted by sudden pauses; seen in spinal meningitis and other disorders of the central nervous system

Narrowing of the bronchi caused by smooth muscle spasms; common in cases of asthma and bronchitis

A repeating cycle of gradually increased and then decreased respiration followed by a period of apnea; caused by depression of the breathing centers in the brain stem; seen in cases of coma and in terminally ill patients

Enlargement of the heart's right ventricle caused by disease of the lungs or pulmonary blood vessels

Acute inflammation of the nasal passages with profuse nasal discharge; acute rhinitis

A childhood disease usually caused by a viral infection that involves inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, difficulty breathing, and laryngeal spasm

A shifted nasal septum; may require surgical correction

Inflammation of the epiglottis that may lead to obstruction of the upper airway. Commonly seen in cases of croup (also spelled epiglottiditis)

Hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed (Greek -staxis means “dripping”)

A vibration, especially as felt through the chest wall on palpation

Rapid and deep gasping respiration without pause; characteristic of severe acidosis

A sound heard on auscultation that is produced by the rubbing together of the two pleural layers; a common sign of pleurisy

Abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid; usually heard during inspiration (singular:rale [rahl]). Also called crackles

Abnormal chest sounds produced in airways with accumulated fluids; more noticeable during expiration (singular: rhonchus)

A harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway

A cough. An antitussive drug is one that relieves or prevents coughing

A whistling or sighing sound caused by narrowing of a respiratory passageway

Obstructive airway disease caused by reaction to the dust in unprocessed plant fibers

Intermittent periods of breathing cessation during sleep. Central sleep apnea arises from failure of the brain stem to stimulate breathing. Obstructive sleep apnea results from airway obstruction during deep sleep, as from obesity or enlarged tonsils

A highly malignant type of bronchial tumor involving small, undifferentiated cells; “oat cell” carcinoma

Examination of the mediastinum by means of an endoscope inserted through an incision above the sternum

An instrument that measures changes in gas volume and pressure during respiration

A device for measuring air flow

Examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope; pleuroscopy

Treatment by inhalation of a drug or water in spray form

Use of a mechanical respirator to maintain pressure throughout the respiratory cycle in a patient who is breathing spontaneously

Removal of a previously inserted tube

Use of a ventilator to inflate the lungs at intervals under positive pressure during inhalation

Use of a mechanical ventilator to force air into the lungs while allowing for passive exhalation

A two-pronged plastic device inserted into the nostrils for delivery of oxygen

An upright or semi-upright position that aids breathing

Use of a mechanical ventilator to increase the volume of gas in the lungs at the end of exhalation, thus improving gas exchange

Use of body position to drain secretions from the lungs by gravity. The patient is placed so that secretions will move passively into the larger airways for elimination

The volume of gas in the thoracic cavity calculated from measurements made with a body plethysmograph

Surgical removal of the adenoids

Insertion of a tube into a hollow organ, such as into the larynx or trachea for entrance of air. Patients may be intubated during surgery for administration of anesthesia or to maintain an airway. Endotracheal intubation may be used as an emergency measure when airways are blocked

Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung or of another organ

Plastic surgery of the lung. In reduction pneumoplasty, nonfunctional portions of the lung are removed, as in cases of advanced emphysema

Incision of the trachea through the neck, usually to establish an airway in cases of tracheal obstruction

Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea to form an airway or to prepare for the insertion of a tube for ventilation, also the opening thus created

Agent that prevents responses mediated by histamine, such as allergic and inflammatory reactions

Drug that prevents or relieves coughing

Agent used to prevent asthma attacks and for chronic treatment of asthma

Drug that relieves bronchial spasm and widens the bronchi

Hormone from the adrenal cortex; used to reduce inflammation

Agent that reduces congestion or swelling

Agent that aids in removal of bronchopulmonary secretions

Drug used to treat tuberculosis

Drug that prevents or reduces inflammation by inhibiting leukotrienes, substances made in white blood cells that promote inflammation; they also constrict the bronchi and increase mucus production; used in asthma treatment

Agent that loosens mucus to aid in its removal

Drug used to treat tuberculosis

Acid-fast bacillus (usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome; shock lung

Acute respiratory failure

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (tuberculosis vaccine)

Breath sounds

Compliance

Cystic fibrosis

Carbon dioxide

Chronic obstructive lung disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Continuous positive airway pressure

Chest radiograph, chest x-ray

Diphtheris, tetanus, acellular pertussis (vaccine)

Expiratory reserve volume

Forced expiratory volume

Functional residual capacity

Forced vital capacity

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Inspiratory capacity

Interferon-gamma release assay (test for TB)

Isoniazid

Intermittent positive pressure breathing

Intermittent positive pressure ventilation

Inspiratory reserve volume

Left lower lobe (of lung)

Left upper lobe (of lung)

Maximal expiratory flow rate

Maximum mid-expiratory flow rate

Nucleic acid amplification (test for TB)

Oxygen

Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Arterial partial pressure of oxygen

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Positive end-expiratory pressure

Peak expiratory flow rate

Pulmonary function test(s)

Peak inspiratory pressure

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Purified protein derivative (tuberculin)

Respiration

Respiratory distress syndrome

Right lower lobe (of lung)

Right middle lobe (of lung)

Respiratory syncytial virus

Right upper lobe (of lung)

Residual volume

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Sudden infant death syndrome

Oxygen percent saturation

Tonsils and adenoids; tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

Tuberculosis

Thoracic gas volume