Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Algae
• Helminths

The simplicity,growth rate,and adaptability of
microbes are some of the reasons that
microbiology is so diverse

Prokaryotes first appear on the planet 3.5 billion years ago.

Most human relationships with microorganisms are beneficial
– Nutrient production and energy flow(algae and
some photosynthetic bacteria)
– Breakdown and recycling of nutrients (fungi)

• Biotechnology – industrial products, foods, drugs
• Genetic engineering–new products and life forms
• Bioremediation–clean up wastes and pollutants

• Biodiesel bioreactor – using algae to mass produce oil
• Testing bacteria to detoxify radioactive waste

Influenza and pneumonia

Respiratory Infection

300 Years old.

a tentative explanation for what has been observed or measured

theory becomes law when the accuracy and
predictability of the theory is so compelling that
the next level of confidence is reached

a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event

aseptic technique

pasteurization

"germ"--theory of disease

Microscope and the study of Microbiology

Domain

Species

Organisms are assigned binomial scientific names consisting of their genus and species names:
i.e. Homo sapiens, Escherichia coli

His basis is based on cell structure and cell type.
Added:
• Five kingdoms(plants, animal, fungi, protists and monerans)
• Two cell type (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

His basis is based on the genetic structure of ribosomes.
Added:
• 4 Kingdoms-> Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Prostista
• 3 Domain-> Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

– Cell membrane
– Cytoplasm
– Chromosome
– Ribosomes

Heredity and reproduction (Sexually or asexually)
Growth, Metabolism, Responsiveness (Irritability, Communication, Motility), and Transport

its function is to provide a slime layer or a capsule

its function is to provide a means for genetic exchange

its function is in adhering (sticking)

its function is used for motility

peptidoglycan–A repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments.

Three
1) Cellmembrane (thin inner layer)
2) Periplasmicspace (space between 1+3)
3) Peptidoglycan layer (thick outer layer)

Five (1=cell membrane, 2-5= cell wall)
1) Cell membrane (thin inner layer)
2) Periplasmic space (space b/t 1+3+5)
3) Peptidoglycan layer(thin outer layer)
4) Periplasmic space (space b/t 1+3+5)
5) Outer cell membrane

Purple

Red

Chromosomes
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasmids
Inclusions
Actin cytoskeleton
Endospores

where chromosomes are condensed

site of protein synthesis,(70S)

extra genetic information

storage structures

gives bacterial cell shape

highly resistant structure for survival,
NOT reproduction

coccus

Rod/Bacillus

Vibrio

Spirillum
-Polar (outside) flagella; cells swim by rotating around like corckscrew, do not flex, have one to several flagella, can be in tufts (1-20 helical turns)

Spirochete
-Periplasmic flagella within sheath; cells flex; can swim by rotation or by creeping on surfaces; have 2 to 100 periplasmic flagella (3 to 70 helical turns)

Branching filaments

Pleomorphic(variation in shape and size within a
species(below)

characterized by their ability to tolerate extremes in temperature and acidity; methane-producers and salt-lovers;

Endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose when a much larger procaryotic cell engulfed smaller procaryotic cells that began to live and reproduce inside the larger cell without being destroyed.

in fungi and algae only

Appendages for movement
– Cilia
– Flagella

Organelles
– Nucleus and nucleolus
– Endoplasmic reticulum
– Golgi complex
– Mitochondria and chloroplasts
– Ribosomes
– Cytoskeleton((microtubules(and(microfilaments)

Nucleic Acids, Cell membrane, Cytoplasms, and Ribosomes

Morphology–2 forms YEAST (single cells) or MOLD (filamentous growth).
• Nutritional Mode/Distribution –(heterotrophic,(majority saprobic, a few are parasitic (but none are obligate) widespread
• Reproduction–primarily through spores, asexually or sexually
• Major Groups four main phyla based on sexual spore type
• Importance–essential decomposers

Morphology–unicellular, colonial, filamentous or larger forms such as seaweeds
• Nutritional Mode/Distribution–photosynthetic, freshwater and marine water habitats main component of plankton
• Importance–provide the basis of the food
web in most aquatic habitats

• Morphology–most are unicellular, lack a cell wall, cytoplasm divided into ectoplas and endoplasm, many convert to a resistant
dormant stage called a cyst
• Nutritoonal Mode/Distribution–heterotrophic,free-living in moist habitats water, soil, feed by engulfing other organisms
• Reproduction–asexual mitosis, sexual conjugation of gametes
• Major Groups–four groups based on locomotion mode and type of reproduction
• Importance food webs and decomposing organic material

Morphology–animal cells,multicellular, individual organs
• Reproduction – majority reproduce sexually,
sexes may be hermaphroditic
• Epidemiology – developing countries in the
tropics hardest hit with infections transmitted by
ingestion, vectors, and direct contact with
infectious stages, billions of humans affected

the 20th century

Viruses are infectious particles. They are not cells and lack organelles, locomotion, are Complex molecules and Can be crystalline

nucleic acid core, capsid and envelope/spikes

nucleic acid core and capsid

By DNA viruses and RNA viruses. These are further subdivided into families, depending on shape and size of capsid, presence or absence of envelope, nature of nucleic acid(single or double stranded),
antigenic similarities, and host cells.

1) Adsorption
2) Penetration
3) Uncoated
4) Synthesis
5) Assembly
6) Release

The virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors

The virus is engulfed into a vesicle and its envelope is "uncoated"

freeing the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm

Replication and Protein Production under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses RNA molecule, capsomers, spikes.

Viral Spikes proteins are insterted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers

Enveloped viruses bud off of the membrane, carrying away envelop with the spike. This complete virus or virion is ready to infect another cell.

measles, herpes zoster, and herpes simplex

Viruses that alter host genetic material, and may cause cancer

Whole cell engulfed versus injection of DNA and Lysis versus budding

an intracellular environment. MUST HAVE CELLS!

Plaque

Inclusion body, cells fusing together to make one giant cell, and multiple nuclei's in one giant cell.

Mad Cow Disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Defective viruses that depend on other viruses for
replication

naked RNA needs hepatitis B virus and together they worsen the symptoms

Naked RNA strands pathogenic to tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, citrus trees, and chysanthemums.